This report responds to Resolution 2/14 passed at the second meeting of the United Nations Environment Assembly in May 2016, calling for “…an analysis of international best practices with regard to involving local communities in wildlife management as an approach to addressing the unsustainable use of and illegal trade in wildlife and wildlife products […]”. This resolution was motivated by concerns about the recent upsurge in the illegal trade in wildlife (ITW), against a background of widespread unsustainable use of wildlife (covering fauna and flora, and including timber and fisheries). This report synthesizes insights and lessons from decades of experience in community wildlife management (CWM), supplementing this with insights from more recent work focused on community-level responses to tackling the current ITW “crisis”. Building on theinsight that community “voice” is a critical determinant of a policy regime that supports their effective engagement, the report further reviews the opportunities for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs)4 to participate in key relevant international deliberations and decision-making arenas, and the barriers they face.