Wood modification represents an assortment of innovative processes currently being adopted in the wood protection sector. Though many aspects of these treatments are known, the fundamental influence of the process on product performance, the environment, and end of life scenarios remain relatively unknown. It is essential to integrate interactive assessment of process parameters, developed product properties, and environmental impacts. To optimise modification processing to minimise environmental impacts, much more information must be gathered about all process related factors affecting the environment (VOC, energy use, end of life use, etc.). To this end, COST Action FP1407 “Understanding wood modification through an integrated scientific and environmental impact approach – ModWoodLife” and led by the University of Primorska, Slovenia, was initiated in 2015, with its 4-year programme aiming to investigate modification processing and products design with emphasis on their environmental impacts. This required analysis of the whole value chain, from forest through processing, installation, in service, end of life, second/third life (cascading) and ultimately incineration with energy recovery