Plastics, as we know them today, are synthetic, malleable polymers derived predominantly from petrochemicals. Plastic polymers are fascinating. They are incredibly versatile and useful in modern life, but what makes them so beneficial can also damage people and the environment when handled incorrectly. We must understand plastics to eliminate their harmful effects while we harness their strengths. In this chapter, we unpack the more common plastics’ types, properties, and applications while exploring the chemistry that gives them specific characteristics. We also dive into the world of “bioplastics” and clarify some misconceptions about these materials.