Biodiversity and environmental biobanks, which can stand by themselves or can be housed at e.g., natural history collections, botanical gar-dens, zoos/aquaria, or culture collections, are essential infrastructures not only to preserve and provide samples from different groups of organ-isms but also to sustain innovation, food security, natural resource management, biotechnology, and biological research (Hanner and Gregory 2007; Martins and Lima 2015; González et al. 2018; Bajerski et al. 2021). Defined criteria and goals when developing and establishing bio-bank workplans are important, along with the necessary financial means and human resources to carry out an efficient operation (Sackville Ham-ilton et al. 2002; Engels and Visser 2003). Harati et al. (2020) provide recommendations for start-ing a biobank, including equipment, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and funding.Biobanks should establish in advance the purpose of their collections and organise them according to expected use. There are various collection categories, and biobanks may con-sist of one or a combination of them. A base or core collection is stored for the long-term for conservation purposes and is not used for distribution, whereas a working collection may be used for research, distribution, or breed-ing plans. An active collection, found mainly in seed and clonal plant biobanks, is basically a duplication of the core collection, and it is used for characterisation and multiplication (Paint-ing et al. 1995; Dulloo et al. 2004).This chapter briefly describes some key as-pects in managing a biobank. Further detailed information regarding other topics not covered within this handbook (e.g., facility conditions, accessibility, shipping, etc.) are described in var-ious best practice guidelines for repositories, such as the OECD(2007a), FAO (2012; 2014), IS-BER (2018), theISO 20387 (2018), and the WFCC (2010). These standards provide technical, legal, and ethical recommendations and general re-quirements for the establishment and mainte-nance of biobanks. Other standards, such as the ISO FDIS 21899 (2020) or the ISO 21709 (2020) focus on validation procedures in the context of biotechnology operations. Biobanks often fol-low any of the mentioned guidelines or create their own set of SOPs, as high-quality standards should be met to collect, process, store, use and distribute biological samples, without affect-ing sample quality, functionality, and integrity. An extensive overview of the requirements for biodiversity biobanks regarding governance, in-frastructure, consumables, quality control, legal compliance and training can be found in Biodi-versity Biobanks South Africa (2021).