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E-book Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment

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Penilaian

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Chemical monitoring provides a quantitative assessment of individual organiccontaminant concentrations in a water sample but does not account for thepresence of unknown compounds such as transformation products, untargetedchemicals (i.e., not previously known to be present) or for interactions amongchemicals. Bioanalytical monitoring, also called effect-based monitoring (EBM),is complementary to chemical analysis and provides information on all bioactivemicropollutants present in a sample ranked according to potency, that is, moretoxic chemicals are weighted higher than less toxic chemicals.Classical aquatic toxicity tests used in water quality assessment includein vivoassays with fish and aquatic invertebrates that measure endpoints such asmortality, growth, reproduction, behavioural and feeding responses.In vitromolecular and cell-based assays offer a sensitive, cost- and time-efficient ethicalalternative to classical whole animal testing. The implementation of human andother living organism cell lines in water testing has facilitated high-throughputevaluation of toxicological endpoints relevant for assessing the potential fordeleterious human and ecological health effects.For the purpose of this book, we define‘bioanalytical tools’as cell-basedin vitroandin vivobioassays that can be run in well-plate formats and that are indicative ofspecific endpoints relevant for human and/or ecological health. These tools includewhole cell assays and assays with genetically modified cells, where natural featureshave been over-expressed to enable more sensitive detection and/or where foreign features have been added for visualisation of effects. The cell membrane is animportant barrier and target site, and cell-free assays (such as immunoassays anddirect receptor binding assays) are generally excluded from this definition, withthe exception of some key enzyme assays. Assays with unicellular organisms,such as algae, yeast or bacteria, and some high-throughput whole organisms suchas crustacea and fish embryo assays are also included in our definition of‘bioanalytical tools’.A major advantage of bioanalytical tools is the ability to detect the toxicity ofmixtures of known and unknown compounds, whereas chemical analysis canonly quantify the concentration of known, targeted chemicals irrespective oftoxicity. By measuring the mixture toxicity of a water sample, the bioassayapproach includes a risk perspective as it explicitly accounts for the differences intoxicity across different chemicals and for interactions among chemicals in amixture. Many bioassays yield specific information on a given mode of actionrather than merely answering whether or not the cells are dead or alive afterexposure to the sample. This mechanistic information can be exploited byrunning a series of bioassays indicative of a range of different modes of action inparallel. In this way, a comprehensive bioanalytical test battery provides anintegrated measure of the toxicity of the biologically active substances in a watersample. A bioassay can also be selected to target a specific protection goal suchas the maintenance of hormone balance or photosynthesis.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

628.1 NEA b

Penerbit

London : IWA Publishing., 2021

Deskripsi Fisik

480 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9781789061987

Klasifikasi

628.1

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

2nd ed.

Subjek

Water Supply

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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