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E-book The Future of the Bamiyan Buddha Statues : Heritage Reconstruction in Theory and Practice

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Penilaian

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Acts such as iconoclasm and biblioclasm have a long history in the world, whether committed during wartime, revolutions or times of repression, but the early twenty-first century has seen a new wave of deliberate destruction often publicly broadcast by the perpetrators. Recent prominent examples include the destruction of 16 tombs in Timbuktu, Mali, and damage to several World Heritage Sites in Syria, including the ancient classical city of Palmyra and the Grand Mosque in Aleppo. The interna-tional community has responded to these acts of violence and destruction with vigour. Setting a new precedent, the event of Timbuktu led to the first trial case for war crimes at the International Criminal Court in Hague in 2017 (United Nations 2017). Yet punitive measures are often inadequate to prevent attacks on cultural heritage, and historical sites will continue to fall victim to acts of destruction.Reconstruction of cultural heritage due to acts of deliberate destruction has been recently addressed, not merely from the point of a material conservation philosophy but within the context of holistic strategies for the protection of human rights and promotion of peace building; The destruction of cultural properties is not just a loss for humanity, but it also deprives local populations of their identity, beliefs, history, integrity, memories and dignity (United Nations 2016). In contrast to earlier guid-ance that aimed to discourage reconstruction of historic places, recent World Heritage Committee decisions have explored new guidance on reconstruction of cultural properties that have been intentionally destroyed and obliterated.In 2005, the World Heritage Committee made a review towards supporting reconstructions when it considered the Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was destroyed after the breakup of former Yugoslavia (UNESCO 2005). Despite the fact that much new material was used, the ICOMOS report (ICOMOS 2005) clarified that the reconstructed bridge maintained an intrin-sic sense of ‘truthfulness’, even though in strictly physical terms, a considerable portion consists of new material. The motivation for this change in position is the World Heritage Committee’s desire to help recover lost identities for the concerned community and to take a stance against acts of aggression, ‘underlining the unlim-ited efforts of human solidarity for peace and powerful co-operation in the face of overwhelming catastrophes’ (UNESCO 2005). Reconstruction of cultural properties is judiciously outlined in the Operational Guidelines of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), which (UNESCO 2018b, 27) states ‘... reconstruction of archaeological remains or historic buildings or districts is jus-tifiable only in exceptional circumstances. Reconstruction is acceptable only on the basis of complete and detailed documentation and to no extent on conjecture’. Given the current move towards heritage reconstruction in post-war/post-conflict contexts, more detailed guidance is required with a view to reflecting the multi-faceted challenges that heritage reconstruction brings, in its social and economic contexts, as a process that should be considered within the framework of the values, ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ (OUV) of the World Heritage properties (UNESCO 2018a).Further exploration of reconstruction should be made with a high degree of con-sultation with impacted communities who have particular connections with heritage and suffered from its loss, in order to understand the meaning of heritage for them, incorporate the multiplicity of interpretations of heritage and determine whether or not they wish to rebuild, reconstruct and re-establish such heritage properties. And if there is community consensus for reconstruction, a number of additional inquiries arise, such as “How it will be done?”; “Who will decide?”; and “What it should be done for?”. Moreover when it comes to the inscribed World Heritage properties, how can reconstructed heritage using new materials be considered to retain authen-ticity? Reconstruction of cultural heritage requires not only in-depth discussion in a multidisciplinary approach by experts and academia but also a long-term vision for the preservation and interpretation of such reconstructed heritage, which duly requires the involvement of community who are suffered from damaged and/or lost heritage.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

930.1 NAG t

Penerbit

Singapore : Springer Nature., 2020

Deskripsi Fisik

368 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9783030513160

Klasifikasi

930.1

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

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Subjek

Archaeology

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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