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E-book Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings : An Assessment of Health Risk Factors

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Penilaian

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The term“built environment”refers to all aspects of the human-made surroundingsthat provide the setting for human activity: the human-made space in which peoplelive, work, and create on a day-to-day basis (Roof and Oleru2008). It ranges inscale from indoor to outdoor active spaces, and it extends in four-dimensional space(i.e., length-x, width-y, depth-z, time-t), so the boundaries among them are oftenblurred (Fig.1.1).Early concepts of built environments date to Classical Antiquity; notable is thework of Hippodamus of Miletos, an architect and urban planner who lived between498 and 408 BCE (Glaeser2011). He is considered the father of urban planning,and his name is given to the grid layout of city planning, known as theHippodamian plan, which is based on a grid of right angles and the allocation ofpublic and private space. The centre of the city is home of the city’s most importantcivic public spaces, including theagora(i.e., the central component of the city, the marketplace), thebouleuterion(i.e., a building that housed the council of citizens inAncient Greece; an assembly hall), theatres, and temples. Private rooms surroundthe city’s public areas (Glaeser2011; Boundless 2017). During the 19th century, the connection between environmental public healthand the built environment became increasingly apparent. In thisfield, dramaticimprovements in environmental public health were made possible in industrializednations through changes in the built environment. The installation of comprehen-sive sewer systems, improvements in building designs to ensure that residents hadlight and fresh air, and the movement of residential areas away from noxiousindustrial facilities all brought significant improvements in health.Industrialization highlighted the relationship between the built environment andenvironmental public health (Rosen1993) which seemed to have diminished in themid-20th century. Infectious diseases had been brought under control and, as aresult, the layout and planning of cities came to be viewed as a matter of aestheticsor economics, but not health (Perdue et al.2003).Today, the majority of public health problems are related to chronic diseases.The built environment influences the public’s health, particularly in relation to suchdiseases. However, many urban and suburban environments are not well designedto facilitate healthy behaviour or create the conditions that protect health. Healthofficials can provide information about healthy living, but if people live in poorlydesigned physical environments, their health will suffer (Perdue et al.2003). A sedentary lifestyle and poor nutrition contribute to obesity, a risk factor for someof the leading causes of mortality, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes,stroke, and some cancers (Mokdad et al.2003; Glanz et al.2016).Although the links between physical activity, proper nutrition, a clean envi-ronment, and health are well known, the current built environment does not pro-mote healthy lifestyles. Many urban environments lack safe open spaces thatencourage exercise and access to nutritious food and promote the use of alcohol andtobacco products through outdoor advertising (Perdue et al.2003). A spread-outsuburban design facilitates reliance on automobiles, increasing pollution anddecreasing the time spent walking. Research has indicated that the way neigh-bourhoods are planned can affect both the physical activity and mental health of thecommunities’residents (Renalds et al.2010; Kent and Thompson 2014). The built environment affects health in a number of ways. It is not sufficient toeducate people regarding healthy lifestyles; the built environment must promote, orat least allow engagement in healthy behaviours. Therefore, it is necessary to takeinto account all influencing parameters of the design of the built environment(Fig.1.2). Legislation on the built environment can be used as a tool to accomplishthis goal (Gostin2000).

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

635.977 DOV c

Penerbit

Switzerland : Springer Nature., 2019

Deskripsi Fisik

173 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9783030194123

Klasifikasi

635.977

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

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Subjek

Trees, Green Zone

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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