Drylands encompass land areas characterized by a mean annual precipitation to mean annual potential evapotranspiration ratio (known as the aridity index) below 0.65. The aridity index defines four distinct dryland subtypes: hyper-arid (aridity index < 0.05), arid (0.05 ?aridity index < 0.20), semi-arid (0.20 ?aridity index < 0.50) and dry sub-humid …
For rock engineering projects, the cutting and fragmenting of rocks has attracted much attention. Exploring the fracture characteristics of rocks is helpful in achieving efficient and sustainable excavation for mining and tunneling engineering. The frac-ture toughness of rocks is a crucial mechanical indicator that weighs the initiation and extension…
Pack up your bags for a round the world trip! You’ll take in natural wonders far and wide as this spectacular visual encyclopedia leads the exciting exploration of Earth and beyond.?? From the tallest snowy peak of Mount Everest to the deep, dark waters of the Mariana Trench, you’ll see it all in stunning color images that bring the world to life. Feel the heat in the African desert,…
“There was no such thing as the Scientific Revolution, and this is a book about it” (Shapin 1996, 1). So began Stephen Shapin’s The Scientific Revolution, a work, con-cise and smart, that embodied an approach to the history of science termed “the social construction of science.” Shapin argued that if we are going to talk about a “scientific revolution,” then we need to see it not …
In 1960, the United States put its first Earth-observing environmental satellite into orbit around the planet. Over the decades, these satellites have provided invaluable information, and the vantage point of space has provided new perspectives on Earth. This book celebrates Earth’s aesthetic beauty in the patterns, shapes, colors, and textures of the land, oceans, ice, and atmosphere. The bo…
Dazzling photographs and images from space of our planet’s nightlights have captivated public attention for decades. In such images, patterns are immediately seen based on the presence or absence of light: a distinct coastline, bodies of water recognizable by their dark silhouettes, and the faint tendrils of roads and highways emanating from the brilliant blobs of light that are our modern, w…
In 2016, NASA took on a new responsibility: defending our planet from devastating impacts by asteroids and comets that approach the Earth, or near-Earth objects. That event, which followed the prominent Chelyabinsk meteor explosion in 2013, reflected a growing interest in, and concern about, the threat of celestial impacts. In ancient times, the solar system’s small bodies—asteroids and com…
For centuries, scientists have been fascinated by the role of the Sun in the Earth’s climate system. Recent discoveries, outlined in this book, have gradually unveiled a complex picture, in which our variable Sun affects the climate variability via a number of subtle pathways, the implications of which are only now becoming clear. This handbook provides the scientifically curious, from underg…
Depth of focus describes the image location range where the image is clear when focused by an optical system. Outside this range, the image will be significantly blurry. However, within this few millimeter range, the image appears quite sharp. When working with a multiple lens system, it is essential to first calculate the position of the image formed by the first lens. Only after locating the …
Every optical system requires some sort of preliminary design. Getting started with the design is often the most intimidating step, but identifying several important specifications of the system will help establish an initial plan. The following questions will illustrate the process of designing a simple detector or emitter system. Although simple lenses are often used in imaging applications, …
This book provides a remarkable account of our planet's structure and the literally Earth-shattering process that shape it -- often with savage consequences for human being and other living things. Lavishly and spectacularly illustrated, with many unusual views of the Earth and its features, DK Guide to Savage Earth offers a comprehensive approach to understanding the making and shaping of plan…
The prefect sized books for backpacks, DK's Pocket Genius series is bright, inviting, concise, and punchy ?? the ideal source for reference. Featuring essential information, full-color images, glossary, and top ten lists, these books are a brand-new type of encyclopedia for young readers. A visual look at the planet we call home, Pocket Genius Earth delves into Earth's geology and geography, ex…
Besides being a matter of academic interest, the study of earthquake-inducedhydrologic changes also has important implications for water resources, hydro-carbon exploration and engineered systems. For example, groundwater level changesfollowing earthquakes can affect water supplies (Chen and Wang2009). The aban-donment of Crete during the Late Minoan period has been attributed by some to adeple…
This ebook stands at an intersection of science and art. From its origins, NASA has studied our planet in novel ways, using ingenious tools to study physical processes at work—from beneath the crust to the edge of the atmosphere. We look at it in macrocosm and microcosm, from the flow of one mountain stream to the flow of jet streams. Most of all, we look at Earth as a system, examining the c…
We stand at a critical moment in Earth’s history, a time when humanity must choose its future. As the world becomes increasingly interdependent and fragile, the future at once holds great peril and great promise. To move forward we must recognize that in the midst of a magnificent diversity of cultures and life forms we are one human family and one Earth community with a common destiny. We mu…
Almost five decades ago, two photographs of planet Earth, taken by Apollo missions 8 and 17 respectively, marked both the end and the be-ginning of an era: Earthrise (by William Anders, 1968, Nasa-ID AS8-14-2383HR) and Blue Marble (by Harrison Schmitt, 1972, AS17-148-22727) seemed but an »afterthought«1 – at first sight a hardly noteworthy side product of the dramatic ›space ra…
Of all the planets of the Solar System, our Earth is unique. It is the only planet known to harbour life of a wide variety – from the simplest one-celled organisms to the most complex ones like human beings. All the planets of the Solar System have now been explored by spacecraft and we know that nowhere else does liquid water, which is essential for life, exist. Nowhere else can one enjoy th…
The curiosity and spirit of exploration in understanding the origins of the Earth and life is the foundation of modern science, and this has never changed from ancient Greek civilization, the Renaissance, to the Industrial Revolution. Looking back at the development of geosciences in the twentieth century, we realized that it was the emergence of the theory of plate tectonics that first reveale…