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E-book Merchants of Virtue : Hindus, Muslims, and Untouchables in Eighteenth-Century South Asia
How significant is the history of untouchability for an understanding of South Asia’s early modern past? Studies that approach early modern caste as a whole tend to represent the “untouchable” castes as being at the bottom-most rung of a graded order and untouchability as part of the larger complex of caste practices. But the exclusion and discrimination that those deemed “Untouchable” experienced was not merely a degree removed from the castes just above them. To the contrary, a chasm separated the “untouchable” castes from “caste society,” a chasm that extends into the ritual domain to the present day, with bhaṅgīs and halālkhors—groups associated in the caste imagination with clearing human waste—having their own religious practices that have little or nothing to do with those of “caste” Hindus and Muslims.2 Nor do they capture how central the specter of the Untouchable was to the operation of caste. There is then a need to pay attention to untouchability in distinction from the larger caste order in early modern South Asia.3 This book offers a history of the reconstitution of the “Untouchable” in the precolonial, early modern period, a process that I argue was intertwined with the reconfiguration in this same period of the “Hindu.”
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