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E-book Farming Inside Invisible Worlds : Modernist Agriculture and its Consequences
When we examine power in social worlds – even in a place as seemingly mundane as a farm – our eye is inevitably drawn towards visible expressions of power. For critical social theorists, activists and practitioners, a farm makes a particular kind of empowered world visible. We can see it in the way that farmers treat animals, cultivate fields, and in the relations and inequalities of gender, labour or ethnicity on farms. All such relations and practices visibly express different kinds of power. We can also see different forms of visible capital that demarcate status and worth. We can see the vital power of farms made manifest in production, yields and the flow of goods. And we can see settled landscapes of orderly activity and aesthetic worth. This visibility is not just a trick of the eye. A farm is a thing that makes a particular kind of empowered world exist – a world with consequences that social scientists can immediately engage with and visibly appraise. But what if power is also manifest in making things invisible? In enacting a particular kind of farming world, what has been unmade by a farm or rendered invisible by its actions? What hasn’t happened, what choices weren’t taken, what worlds that might have been are now no longer able to exist? In this book I argue that the power of farms can only be understood if we examine both their visible and invisible powers. Farms are anything but mundane, their histories are both triumphant and catastrophic, and the consequences of their invisible powers shape the crises of our contemporary worlds. These histories also point us towards alternative futures.New Zealand is an interesting place to think about particular kinds of invisible powers in relation to farming. It speaks to the invisible consequences of the actions of farms in colonization as well as the special place that farming has as a site of elaboration of scientific expertise and modernity.Intriguing contradictions and extremities abound. As a Developed World country, the role of agriculture in the New Zealand economy is atypically large (and historically the subject of strong political celebration) relative to the usual reliance of wealthy countries on manufacturing and services. While over 80 per cent of New Zealand’s population resides in cities, the core of the national economy and much of the nation’s identity are based upon the exporting of primary produce from rural New Zealand. In a wider world where indigenous and local foods are in the ascendancy New Zealand has the distinction of being one of the most export-oriented food producers in the world – exporting over 90 percent of the food that s produced! At the same time, it displays little elaboration of indigenous cuisine in mainstream food culture and commerce. The once abundant and variable forms of food and fibre production undertaken by indigenous M?ori now inhabit a tiny fringe of land-use. The country’s relentless pursuit of agricultural exports is built on profound discontinuity with past land-use.
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