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E-book Germany Since 1945
Before the twentieth century was even half over Germany had led Europe and the world into two wars of mass destruction in which over seventy million people died. By 1945 its neighbours were not inclined to trust a country that had visited such a degree of death and destruction on them. The reconstruction of Europe was a mammoth undertaking, as was also the rebuilding and recivilising of Germany, especially since some of its neighbours would have preferred to dismantle rather than reconstruct it. Most of all, however, there was a determination that such wars should never again emanate from German soil. If this were to happen, then a range of issues would have to be addressed. Germany in 1945 was still a relatively young country. Only in 1871 was it united for the first time after centuries of existence as a loose grouping of kingdoms, principalities, dukedoms and city states. Prussia was dominant, a state that had its origins in the territory of Brandenburg around Berlin but which on unification stretched from Memel in the far north-east (in today’s Lithuania) to the Rhineland and the French border in the south-west. In addition, united Germany included Alsace-Lorraine and stretched from Schleswig-Holstein in the north to Bavaria in the south, though the great German power of the previous centuries, Austria, had been excluded from the moves towards unification by defeat in a war with Prussia in 1866. In January 1871 in Versailles near Paris, after the French had been roundly defeated in war, the Prussian king became the first emperor, or Kaiser, of the new Germany, as Wilhelm I. German unity came from war.
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