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E-book Circulation and Control : Artistic Culture and Intellectual Property in the Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century witnessed a series of revolutions in the production, circulation, and reproduction of images. Thanks to changes in printing and imaging technology and shifts in the practices of artists, publishers, and photographers, images became more readily available, in a wider range of media than ever before. Working in the new field of lithography, artists produced portraits, landscapes, caricatures, and depictions of events done ‘on the spot’, which were distributed quickly and cheaply. The development of photography led to the circulation of radically new forms of images such as daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, tintypes, cartes-de-visite, and stereographs. The quest to reproduce paintings and photographs spurred numerous experiments with printing techniques and photomechanical processes; meanwhile, a ‘mechanical turn’ in sculpture led producers and artists to invent materials and practical machines for the mass production of their work. Engravings became a common feature in books, magazines, and newspapers, profoundly affecting the experience of reading. The circulation of images across various formats and media, and the ways in which such circulation can transform the viewing experience, have generated considerable interest among specialists of art history and visual culture.2But the role that intellectual property laws played in shaping the production and dissemination of visual works has received far less attention. The increasing ease with which images circulated often went hand-in-hand with a desire—on the part of artists, publishers, collectors, and others—to exert some form of control over that circulation. The title of this book, Circulation and Control, evokes this tension, which has often been at the heart of debates about the ownership, reproduction, and appropriation of creative works envisioned as a form of intellectual property. Although other areas of law have undeniably had an impact on the circulation of images (censorship and obscenity law immediately come to mind), the essays in this book are concerned with intellectual property (IP), a broad area of law whose most well-known branches are copyright, patent, and trademark. In the visual arts, IP laws have often been looked to as a means of exerting some kind of control, such as by reserving the exclusive right to display or reproduce a work of art, or by licensing the right to use a particular technical process for making or duplicating visual works. Yet the history of such efforts has so far received relatively little scholarly attention, especially compared to the history of copyright for books and other printed texts.
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