Text
E-book Whole-Body Regeneration : Methods and Protocols
Over the last two decades, new cell and molecular biology toolshave become available, allowing the exploration of a broader rangeof metazoan regenerative mechanisms and prompting a (re)-expansion of the field of regenerative biology [3, 4]. A unifyingtheory of regeneration is nevertheless still lacking. Why do not allspecies regenerate? Does regeneration have a single or multiple(evolutionary) origin? Are the mechanisms of regenerationco-opted from other developmental phenomena (i.e., embryogen-esis)? To what extent asexual reproduction, coloniality, cancer, andregeneration can be seen as different facets of the same phenome-non? Can we decipher the mechanisms of regeneration and reen-able them in nonregenerating species? Such compelling questionsare still waiting for satisfactory answers.Morgan’s book [1] is as relevant today as it was in the previouscentury, as, besides providing a historical perspective on regenera-tion studies across the nineteenth and the twentieth century, it laysdown the conceptual and theoretical framework guiding our cur-rent research on regenerative phenomena. InRegeneration, Morgan synthesized and critically revised thework of his colleagues and predecessors. By analyzing classicalstudies, including the work of Trembley, Spallanzani and Bonnet,and the ongoing work of his contemporary scholars, such as Roux,Barfurth, and Driesch, Morgan realized how the results divergedsignificantly in relation to the organism studied and the methodol-ogy adopted, often leading to controversial interpretations.Through his exercise of synthesis, Morgan first attempted togroup organism-specific processes into a general phenomenon ofregeneration, framing his comparative approach into general ques-tions concerning growth and differentiation, and eventuallyproviding new insights to a theory of development. Indeed, oneof the most important contributions of Morgan’s book was the ideathat regeneration should be considered as a growth property, andtherefore approached as a developmental phenomenon. Thisapproach to regeneration actively opposed the adaptationist viewendorsed by August Weismann [5, 6], who considered regenera-tion as a phenomenon of adaptation and not a primary quality ofthe organism [7], and supported the existence of a causalrelationship between the tendency to be injured and the capacityFrom Morgan’s Legacy to Evo-Devo to “re-grow.” With the filter of time, the inflamed debate betweenthe two scientists was most likely rooted on methodological andepistemological grounds, with Morgan criticizing Weismann for hisadherence to a “theory,” instead of starting from a purely experi-mental approach [5]. These originally discordant approaches arenot mutually exclusive, and studying regeneration today as a formof development does not mean that this process has to be consid-ered irrespectively of its adaptive value.
Tidak tersedia versi lain