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E-book Environment Impact on Reproductive Health : A Translational Approach

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Penilaian

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The new concept of health, developed in the recent years, considers the person’s well-being more heterogeneously. A new model that considers the relationship between human health and the environment has strongly emerged during the last three decades. Our state of well-being is continually threatened by a series of internal and external disturbing factors, which tend to move the body away from a condition of homeostasis. The awareness of the indissoluble link between human health and the environment is increasingly widespread.Climate change, loss of biodiversity, poor air quality, desertification, deforesta-tion, often irreversible contamination of groundwater and the food chain, and expo-nential growth of the electromagnetic field (EMF) due to over-the-air communications are the direct consequences of a focused “growth” of globalized economics.Pollution is a problem that affects organisms, especially the developing ones, such as embryos and children, in consideration of the vulnerability of their status. Prolonged exposure to minimal quantities of pollutants can progressively alter the functioning of cells, tissues, and organs, essentially interfering with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) expression. Unfortunately, the absolute limits of toxicity and tolerability of many pollutants are not yet known.Today, we are detecting a rapid and progressive transformation of the molecular composition of the ecosphere and, in particular, the rapid production and diffusion of atmospheric pollutants (ultra-fine particles, heavy metals, and radiation). The World Health Organization (WHO), indeed, has recognized that environmental factors cause around 24% of diseases worldwide, and more than 33% of diseases in children under the age of 5 years are due to environmental factors [1]. The pediatric age is much more sensitive than adults to the effect of pollutants. Children under the age of 5 years, who represent only 12% of the population, contract more than 40% of health diseases compared with adults [2]. The role of the environment has been recognized over the years in the pathophysiology of numerous pathologies. The WHO, for example, has defined obesity and diabetes as a real pandemic. Even in Italy, the phenomenon is assuming worrying proportions, particularly in children in primary schools whose obesity rate, which was 7% between 1976 and 1980 and reached 21% in 2015–2017 [3]. Childhood obesity is generally considered a systemic and multifactorial pathology, determined by several causes (excessive intake of food, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic predisposition). However, it is increasingly evident that these factors cannot alone explain the alarming phenomena, such as the recent, dramatic increase in cases and the constant anticipation of the age of onset of related diseases (in particular insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus) and the insufficient efficacy of individual therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have shown that early exposure to many pollutants can induce obesity and type 2 diabetes [4].Numerous types of pollutants contribute to air pollution. Transportation, indus-trial and agricultural activities, energy production, and waste disposal plants emit thousands of tons of pollutants into the atmosphere every day, and they are the lead-ing causes of environmental pollution. The main pollutants studied are ground- level ozone, heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and particulate, which constitute a serious threat to our health [5].Air pollution affects health in various ways: The subject’s health conditions, age, and duration of exposure are the main factors that affect the way through which pollutants influence our health. Air pollutants can have effects on both the respiratory tract and other organs, inducing or contributing to the onset of numerous diseases, including respiratory diseases such as asthma (especially in pediatric age), reduction in the development and functions of the apparatus respiratory tract, arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, and infertility.Human beings can be exposed to environmental contaminants through the air, water, food, and soil. Environmental contaminants can be divided into three broad categories: biological agents, chemical agents, and radiation.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

612.6 CAS e

Penerbit

Switzerland : Springer Nature., 2023

Deskripsi Fisik

242 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9783031364945

Klasifikasi

612.6

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

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Subjek

Reproduction Physiology

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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