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E-book Misunderstandings : False Beliefs in Communication
Should we talk? This book treats this question, and many others, as beingempirical in nature: if we were to live through a given situation in 1000 par-allel lives, where in one half we talked and in the other half we didn’t talk,in which of the halves would we fare better?The results of such a thought experiment vary betweenRachel,Dimitri,andSteve– or any other conversation that we may experience. Costs andbenefits depend on the details of the conversation. Every conversation is dif-ferent and rich in detail. Why, then, is this book so thin? The main reason isthat the book, while asking questions with the usual scholarly care, is quitebrief in its way of answering these questions. More precisely, it contains oneempirical answer per question –appearing in separate font– and thisanswer is valid only for a specific context. The reader is invited to extrapo-late, asking the same question for other conversations of interest.Such extrapolation is, luckily, easy. Having conversations is an ubiquitousexperience. Countless literatures give examples of noteworthy conversations,in the social sciences, business studies, psychology, and many other fields.While the answers in this book are few, the set of questions is suprisinglyexhaustive. The book’s 18 questions about human conversations are, in aspecific sense,allrelevant questions up to a well-defined point. They sys-tematically cover the ways in which a conversation can go wrong.So, what are these ways of going wrong? This book describes a particularset: inaccurate expectations. We may fail to judge the situation correctly.We may think that things are plausible when they are not, in a way thatreduces our utility. We may misjudge our partner in conversation, or thesituation, or the language. The book thus approaches conversations throughthe expectations that they come with. It formulates 18misunderstandings:ways in which expectations are off target. Misunderstandings may be theugly ducklings within the family of beliefs. But hey, here they are. Some-times, they may even be more important than their not-so-ugly cousins. Itis therefore worthwhile to study their nature.This leads to asking about the reader’s benefit – why read this book? Themain benefit is, perhaps, to learn something new in behavioral economics.Communication is a fast-growing research area in economics, and especially inmicroeconomics and organizational economics. Experimental measurements of communication abound, too. But misunderstandings, despite appearingvery frequently, are an uncharted area of research. Little is known aboutthem, at least in the scholarly literatures of economics and business studies.To help fill this gap, the book aims to give an overview of misunderstand-ings. It discusses the events, statements and actions that the misunderstand-ings are about – the “targets” of beliefs that are relevant in a conversation.In parallel, the book discusses the methods to measure the beliefs and it re-portsevidenceon the distance between the beliefs and their targets. All ofthis follows an empirical approach. Each of the 18 questions put forward hereis an empirical question, i.e., in principle its answer can be found through awell-designed measurement.
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