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E-book Marine Plastics Abatement : Technology, Management, Business and Future Trends

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Penilaian

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In Russia, waste management has been hugely neglected over the years. MSW and ISW treatment can be best described as inefficient and is causing both negative environmental impact and suboptimal use of raw materials and energy. While the European Union Member States recover up to an average of 60% of MSW, Russia’s waste recovery rate is almost zero. Recycling operations have not existed in Russia for a long time. Landfilling the waste was the only solution for waste disposal, but after 2000, the landfills increasingly reached their capacity limits. Many of the existing landfills are very poorly equipped and do not function as sanitary landfills but as dumpsites, and this has led to a number of challenges with the local residents suffering from odor nuisance, groundwater pollution and toxic gas emissions.According to the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (RMNRE), about 3–4 billion tons of waste is generated in the country every year. Fifty-four comes from mostly the coal industry which extracts raw materials used to generate energy. About 17% is from nonferrous metallurgy, 16% is from the steel and iron industry, and 12% is from other waste sections, including housing and utilities. MSW accounts for 1–2% of total waste generated. The volume of MSW generated in Russia has been steadily increasing annually with more than 49 million metric tons generated in 2010 and an estimated volume of over 60 million metric tons in 2019 and thereafter. MSW generation per capita average is about 400 kg/year. Over 25 million tons of waste is produced each year in Moscow alone. Ninety-five percent of all MSW is sent for landfill disposal, and about 30% of waste disposal facilities in the country do not meet sanitary landfill requirements. This problem stems from the inability of the government and waste disposal firms to efficiently manage waste disposal.In total, 65 million tons of waste was landfilled in 2019. Russia has the capacity to landfill merely 55 million tons a year. It is estimated that about 32 regions will reach their full landfilling capacity within 5 years. The country has a total of 1699 MSW landfills, 576 industrial waste disposal sites, 5500 authorized and 17 000 unauthorized landfills. Studies show that waste in a landfill generally is composed of 34% food, 19% paper, 14% polymers, 12% glass, 6% wood, 6% street waste, 4% metal, 3% textile and 2% other substances. Russia produces about 5.84 million tons of plastic every year. About 36.3 pieces of microplastic are found per kilogram of dry sediment in the beaches of the Baltic Sea in the Kaliningrad region. Local and governmental efforts have started in Russia to help fight plastic pollution, but these efforts are not enough as it needs to be scaled larger in an efficient manner due to Russia’s size and population.In 2018, the Russian government introduced the National Project ‘Ecology’ to protect the environment (Strategy 2018–2030). Currently, the plan is to introduce a solid waste management system for PW, ISW and MSW, and to close down all unauthorized landfills with 200 landfills in the countryside and 75 landfills within cities to be removed and renatured by 2025. In order to ensure a transition from landfilling to processing waste, the Russian government intends to build 36 waste separation- and processing plants (biofuels and composting), 7 new treatment facilities for hazardous waste and 154 plants for incineration and waste to energy recovery by 2024.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

577.6 KOO m

Penerbit

London : IWA Publishing., 2023

Deskripsi Fisik

306 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9781789063448

Klasifikasi

577.6

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

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Subjek

Marine Ecology

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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