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E-book Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage : Dynamic Interfaces between Fungi, Fungal Pigments and Paper

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Penilaian

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Biodeterioration in the context of cultural heritage refers to the degradationprocesses induced by microorganisms that occur in various substrates upon whichhistoric and artistic works of our cultural heritage were created. Paper, a biological,cellular material that has served for centuries as a carrier of human thought, and abase upon which artworks were rendered, is a particularly bio-susceptible material.The complex interactions between paper and diverse microbial communities involve,among others, physico-chemical aspects of microbial adhesion, extracellular materialsecretions by microbes, the impact of surface topography on which microorganismsgrow, and elements of the environment such as light, temperature and relativehumidity. These interactions and their role in the formation of fungi-induced stainsare the subject of this book.Biodeterioration is one of the most challenging forms of deterioration to studyand prevent because it involves living organisms, fungi and bacteria as well asthe unpredicted ways in which they respond to changes in the environment andmodifications of materials upon which they grow. Moreover, interactions of fungi andbacteria with surfaces are of great importance in the study of biofilms in medicine,agriculture, and industry. Attachment to surfaces and the formation of biofilmsare associated with pathogenesis in animals and plants and are therefore studiedextensively in the respected fields. Although the biodeterioration of cultural heritagehas been studied over the past several decades, very few have focused on exploringthe interfaces of microorganisms and cultural heritage material. This deficiencywas noted by Orio Ciferri, Chairman of the Scientific Committee, during the 1999International Conference on Microbiology and Conservation (ICMC) in Florence,which was exclusively devoted to the relationships between microorganisms andcultural heritage: “...although enough data are now available demonstrating adirect link between colonization by microbes and defacement of cultural artifacts, afrustrating ignorance concerning the mechanisms of such interactions continues toexist” [...] one could say that very often the causative agent has not been identifiedand very little is known concerning the microbe-host interactions” (Ciferri et al.2000).A multitude of events occur at interfaces between substrates and fungi, fromthe moment of spores’ first contact with a surface, to their germination, and duringsubsequent growth and response to the environment. These interactions are exploredby the author. The multiscale and multisensory analysis of interfaces betweenblack-pigmented fungi and paper substrate are discussed and an analytical protocolis proposed and evaluated for its practical efficiency. Two scenarios of blackfungal pigments formations were analyzed: one that occurred naturally on theoriginal artworks (three cases studies are presented) and the other one induced inbiosimulation on two known papers, in a controlled environment, and induced by aknown organism,Aspergillus niger. The synergy of interactions between water, light, and temperature in theenvironment, biological clocks of the microorganisms and characteristics of thematerials’ surface and bulk require a multidisciplinary approach to the studyof biodeterioration. Awareness of this inherent, enormous complexity of thesubject guided the selection of the study area, narrowing it to the formation ofdark-pigmented fungal stains on cellulose paper substrates. Paper is a heterogeneouscellular material produced from fibers and additives, the impact of which has beenbriefly discussed with respect to their promotion or inhibition of fungal growth. Theinteraction of these two entities, the microorganisms and paper, opens the door to alittle-known and -studied area of science.Surfaces of objects are of great importance in the study and preservation ofcultural heritage artifacts. The artworks are created to convey aesthetic and artisticintent through their three-dimensional form and surface finish. Surface decorations,deposits, or debris reveal objects’ history and the cultures that created them. Thus,surfaces of cultural objects are an important source of information about our pastaesthetics and technology. The accuracy of information about these artworks andartifacts relies on the quality of data that we extract from their analysis. Papercharacteristics such as the surface topography and structure, morphology of fungiand patterns of their pigmented biomass deposition, as well as fungal growthwere examined with an array of analytical instruments and methods: transmittedlight microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy,white light confocal profilometry, and X-ray microtomography. Qualitative andquantitative data are supplemented with surface metrological instruments usedin traceology, a branch of tribology (the science of measuring surfaces). Surfacemetrology offers a promising set of methods and instruments contributing to a betterunderstanding of the surface topography of living systems and tracing changesinduced by the biodeterioration of surfaces.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

579.5 SZC b

Penerbit

Switzerland : MDPI Press., 2023

Deskripsi Fisik

186 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9783036520933

Klasifikasi

579.5

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

-

Subjek

Fungi, Eumycophyta

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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