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E-book Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration

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Penilaian

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Although (Soddy, Nature 92:399–400,1913)inferred the existence of isotopes early lastcentury, it was not until the discovery of theneutron by (Chadwick, Nature 129:312,1932)that isotopes were understood to result fromdiffering numbers of neutrons in atomicnuclei. (Urey, J Chem Soc 1947:562–581,1947) predicted that different isotopes wouldbehave slightly differently in chemical (andphysical) reactions due to mass differences,leading to the concept of isotopic fractiona-tion. The discovery that some elements trans-formed into other elements by radioactivedecay happened even before the recognitionof isotopes (Rutherford and Soddy, LondEdinb Dublin Philos Mag 4:370–396,1902),although the role that different isotopes playedin this process was discovered later. The twin,and related, concepts of isotopes and radioac-tive decay have been used by geoscience andother scientific disciplines as tools to understand geochemical processes such as mineral-ization, and also the age and duration of theseprocesses. This book is a review of howisotope geoscience has developed to betterunderstand the processes of ore formation andmetallogenesis, and thereby improve mineralsystem models used in exploration. After the discovery of radiogenic decay andrecognition of isotopes, largely by physicists andchemists, other disciplines—such as geology andbiology—took up process-oriented research andbegan to apply isotopic studies to natural systemsled largely by universities and governmentresearch organizations. Within a decade of the discovery of radiation byHenri Becquerel in 1896, Strutt (1905)first usedradioactive decay (in this case the production ofHe (alpha particles) by Th decay) to estimate theage of a thorianite sample from Ceylon (presentday Sri Lanka) at ca 2000 Ma. The dating of oreminerals followed soon after: Boltwood et al. (1907) used the U–Pb system to date uraninitesamples, yielding uraninite ages of between 410and 2200 Ma for different localities in Norwayand North America. Holmes (1946) andHoutermans (1946) independently developed amethod (in effect two-point isochrons) to esti-mate the age of lead-rich minerals. The old agesindicated by these studies were a key to under-standing Earth’s evolution, indicating for thefirsttime the extreme antiquity of Earth.Although some of these early geochronologystudies have been discredited for various reasons,they demonstrated the potential of radiogenicisotope systems to provide rigorous absolute agesfor geological processes such as mineralization.Advances in analytical techniques and under-standing of radiogenic isotope systems havecontinually improved so that for many mineralsystems, absolute ages can be readily deter-mined, and durations of mineralizing events can,in many cases, be robustly estimated.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

551.9 HUS i

Penerbit

Switzerland : Springer Nature., 2023

Deskripsi Fisik

483 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9783031278976

Klasifikasi

551.9

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

-

Subjek

Geochemistry

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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