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E-book Frame by Frame
Imagine studying a building not by walking its hallways or perusing its blueprints, but by examining each of its bricks: the pockmarks produced by air bubbles in the clay, the whorls of reds and browns, the trowel’s impressions in the mortar. Imagine evaluating a mosaic not for the bigger picture but for the glint of indi-vidual tesserae. Or imagine not watching a film but looking at it frame by frame. Bodies in motion would suddenly freeze, their irresistible sensuousness submit-ting to clinical scrutiny. Minute details in the photographic image would supplant the broader strokes of the narrative. The part would overwhelm the whole.But each of those fragments affords its own pleasures and hints at its own story. In this book, I use the fragments to piece together a portrait of cinema history and theory. I focus in particular on US animated cartoons, a tremendous body of work long excluded from the study of film proper. The animated cartoons I examine were produced with the technique of cel animation, which gets its name from the transparent sheets of cellulose nitrate or acetate (“cels”) on which cartoon charac-ters were painted. Cel animation is now a moribund medium, kept alive only by independent practitioners, but it was the dominant technique for most of the twen-tieth century. Its basic parts were interchangeable, which facilitated high-volumeproduction and made it particularly amenable to standardization and mechaniza-tion. From the 1920s through the 1960s, the classical era of US animation, major studios like Walt Disney, Leon Schlesinger / Warner Bros., Fleischer, Walter Lantz, MGM, and United Productions of America used the cel animation technique to produce hundreds of seven-minute films each year. Animation was an industry as much as it was an artistic medium. By arresting the animationof animation, I aim to returncartoons to how they were made: one drawing at a time, one photograph at a time, one frame at a time. Through this mode of very close analysis, I provide an account of the aesthetics of an art formed on the assembly line.
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