Text
E-book The European Union and the Arctic
Over the past decade, the EU has adopted a number of pieces of legislation regarding ocean governance with internal and external dimensions, such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive2 and the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive.3 The Arctic is also on the EU’s Agenda. The EU aims to ensure sus-tainable development in and around the Arctic region on the basis of interna-tional cooperation.4Climatically, ecologically, culturally, socially and economically, the Arctic is changing in many ways with implications throughout the region and around the world.5 For example, Arctic sea ice has been retreating rapidly over the past decade. The extent of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has set a new record low for the wintertime of 2017.6 Due to climate change, increased human access to formerly ice-covered areas, and the potential for increased activities such as fishing, shipping, tourism, bioprospecting, mining, and oil and gas operations, present significant legal challenges.7 Questions therefore arise as to whether the Arctic governance regime is adequately designed to address global envi-ronmental change, or needs to evolve to tackle challenges. One example of how governance is responding is the establishment of a legally binding regime to achieve sustainable management of fisheries in the high seas portion of the central Arctic Ocean.8 Another development of the current regime is the regu-lation of maritime activities through the adoption of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)9 in the International Mari-time Organization (IMO). In this book, our focus is what roles the EU can, and should play in shaping the Arctic governance regime to ensure sustainable development in the Arctic region.The EU is inextricably linked to the Arctic region by a unique combination of history, geography, economics and scientific achievements.10 Three Arctic countries are EU Member States (Denmark, Sweden and Finland) and the EU maintains close relations with Iceland and Norway through the European Economic Area.11 Canada, Russia and the United States are also strategic part-ners of the EU.
Tidak tersedia versi lain