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E-book The Ethical Challenges Experienced by Healthcare Workers During the War in Syria
Disasters, from natural phenomena to human-made conflicts, indiscriminately af-fect societies, where the gravity of impact varies significantly depending on time, place, and extent (Karadag & Hakan, 2012, p. 609). For instance, regional and global military conflicts present very complex and unpredictable situations with far-reach-ing consequences. Wars and armed conflicts frequently destroy infrastructure, in-cluding hospitals and medicalfacilities, and in some instances lead to a complete collapse of the community. Such military activities not only wreak physical destruc-tion to communities but also threaten the safety of civilians, healthcare personnel, and humanitarian workers on both sides of the conflict, which results in injuries and displacement. Prolonged periods of war or armed conflict drain essential re-sources and can exacerbate the affected country into a protracted crisis, directly impeding the vital, life-saving work of the health and humanitarian sectors.This complex situation of war and its damaging effects on communities creates many ethical challenges and dilemmas, such as the difficulty of dealing with scarce resources, the issue of fairness in the distribution of resources, and the priority of relief and rescue efforts. These challenges often directly affect healthcare and hu-manitarian workers due to the nature of their work and are thus directly linked to their choices and commitments. The response to disasters, therefore, must go be-yond established facts and consider the obligations, values, and choices of those who are both affected and responding to the situation (Zack, 2009). For instance, context and cultural dimensions are factors affecting the nature of the ethicalprin-ciples and values and determine how these approaches are adopted and applied. This scenario becomes even morecomplicated when discussing and navigating an-swers to problems that arise in health care and medicine (Kalokairinou, 2016). Health care for survivors of disasters is of utmost importance, and yet, healthcare workers regularly face extraordinary moral challenges.Given the moral challenges arising from disaster situations for healthcare work-ers, and the insufficiency of daily-life ethical frameworks to capture these complex-ities, attention within the field of bioethics has recently been raised to understand disaster situations from a philosophical and ethical perspective. This in turn estab-lished a new field within ethics and bioethics (Komenská,2016). “Disaster ethics” is a relatively new research area in bioethics that formed as a result of the significant and pressing ethical problems involved in health care provision during disasters (O’Mathúna et al., 2014). As it is essential to integrate well-reflected moral values and principles in every aspect of health care (Karadag & Hakan, 2012), within this field, researchers, healthcare givers, humanitarian workers, and other related pro-fessionals and organizations evaluate and analyze ethical theories and principles to find solutions for moral problems, barriers, and gaps that often arise in disasters and humanitarian relief.
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