The view of the fundamental nature of colour embodied in the CIE definitions quoted above may be said to have three elements. First, qualities of colour such as hue, lightness and chroma are attributes of visual perception. Second, we must make a distinction between colour perceptions and the properties of lights and objects that we see as their colour. Third, the property of a light or an obje…
When you hear the word “animal,” chances are that you think of a dog, a cat, a bear, or a squirrel. And you’re right, of course. Sometimes, though, the word “animal” is used in its scientific meaning. To a scientist, the word covers a much broader field. It includes insects, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, shellfish, worms, and many other living things. In fact, it includes everyth…
A huge variety of terrestrial and aquatic species are included in this class, with over 5000 species recorded worldwide. All mammals share a basic feature: the presence of mammary glands that produce milk to feed their offspring. In contrast to birds, fish and reptiles, mammals have hair or fur. This may sometimes be barely visible or only present in newborn animals. Mammals also have a region …
Penanggalan sering disebut juga dengan kalender atau tarikh adalah sistem pemberian nama pada sebuah periode waktu. Nama-nama ini ditentukan berdasarkan kesepakatan manusia pada suatu kelompok dan pada umumnya berdasarkan pergerakan benda angkasa seperti matahari, bumi, dan bulan.
Dengan kata lain, penanggalan adalah suatu satuan ukuran waktu yang merupakan kesepakatan manusia dan dipergunakan di dalam kehidupan seharihari. Satuan ukuran waktu tersebut adalah hari, minggu, bulan, tahun dan sebagainya. Penentuan penanggalan dapat dilakukan karena keteraturan peredaran Bulan mengelilingi Bumi, dan Bumi bersama dengan Bulan mengelilingi Matahari.
Stimulated by the urgency of the Second World War, nuclear science progressed rapidly from the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick in 1932. Out of this basic knowledge came the discovery in 1939 that when atoms fission (i.e. are split), energy is released. This led in turn to the first controlled chain reaction (1943), the first atomic weapon (1945), and the first production of elect…
This book contributes to the study of oceans, seas, coastal waters, and rivers within blue humanities by broadening, circulating, and interweaving knowledge about such waters, ocean epistemologies, and sea narratives from pluriversal epistemological, geographical, cultural, and disciplinary perspectives. The contributors from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Europe, North America and the Pacific ex…
This book presents basic General Relativity and provides a basis for understanding and using the fundamental theory. General Relativity is a beautiful geometric theory, simple in its mathematical formulation. It leads to numerous consequences with striking physical interpretations: gravitational waves, black holes, cosmological models, and so on. The first part of the book outlines the fundamen…
This book explores how narratives are deeply embodied, engaging heart, soul, as well as mind, through varying adult learner perspectives. Biographical research is not an isolated, individual, solipsistic endeavor but shaped by larger ecological interactions – in families, schools, universities, communities, societies, and networks – that can create or destroy hope. Telling or listening to l…
In Climate Change and the New Polar Aesthetics, Lisa E. Bloom considers the ways artists, filmmakers, and activists engaged with the Arctic and Antarctic to represent our current environmental crises and reconstruct public understandings of them. Bloom engages feminist, Black, Indigenous, and non-Western perspectives to address the exigencies of the experience of the Anthropocene and its attend…
Ecological Democracy offers an original, thought-provoking, and engaging treatment of why and how democracy should be re-imagined in reaction to today’s ecological crisis. The book explains that one need to re-imagine both the view on nature and democratic ideals within the same framework in the Anthropocene, the present geological epoch of human-made instability in the Earth system and its p…
How the challenge of depicting biological systems can generate productive questions for artists and scientists. An artist drawing cell division faces a problem: what is the best way to visually represent a dynamic process? This anthology, edited by an artist and a philosopher of science, explores drawing as a way of inquiring into living processes at the molecular, cellular, and organismal scal…
Solarities: Elemental Encounters and Refractions is a transdiciplinary essay collection that explores the physical, conceptual, and political possibilities materialized by “solarity”— a form of relation to the sun and its elemental force upon planetary life. The authors propose that a different set of questions becomes possible when the material specificities of solar become the compass f…
The Whale in the Living Room follows the thrilling adventures of award-winning wildlife documentary producer, John Ruthven, on a journey of discovery - by turns memorable, touching and often funny -that has helped the undersea world flow into countless living rooms to reveal many of our ocean's mysteries.
his book is a venture in the metaphysics of science, the exploration of the most basicfeatures of the world implied or presupposed by science. One of its main aims is todemonstrate the fundamental importance of such an investigation. Getting this verygeneral picture right makes a real difference to whether we do the science well andunderstand properly what it tells us. The particular metaphysic…
ence to support the achievement of SDGs.In its Initial Design document, Future Earth (2013) identified three highly aggre-gated research themes covering both natural and social sciences: dynamic planet,global development, and transition to global sustainability. The organization pro-posed new approaches to co-designing and co-producing solution-oriented science,knowledge, and innovation for glo…
The Covid-19 pandemic has been expressed in various ways through visuality and performance, and some of its more nuanced cultural implications have taken place in a realm that goes beyond words. Through the exploration of the visual culture produced during and in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, The Pandemic Visual Regime: Visuality and Performativity in the Covid-19 Crisis highlights the key…
This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the history of genomics across three different species and four decades, from the 1980s to the recent past. It takes an inclusive approach in order to capture not only the international initiatives to map and sequence the genomes of various organisms, but also the work of smaller-scale institutions engaged in the mapping and sequencing of…
Basically the Equation of Time (EoT) is the difference between clock time and time seen on a sundial. This is comparing “clock time”, as a mechanical measurement of time, and the sundial being time determined by the position of the Sun at any given moment. The figures listed are for 00h and 12h . Using the EoT you can get fairly accurate determination of when Meridian Passage (Local Apparen…
Holding my wheelrims securely, I look down the steep slope of ponderosa pine and shrubs watching as their shadows stretch and lengthen. A voice calls me over. My partner and an assortment of strangers assemble into a loose group. The guide looks around, his gaze pauses and then lingers on me before taking in the other people gathered, and asks, “What brought you up the mountain to spend a few…
This Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) summarises the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. It integrates the main findings of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) based on contributions from the three Working Groups, and the three Special Reports. The summary for Policymakers (SPM) is st…
The evidence for a human influence on climate is clear and for a warming world “unequivocal” with many changes in Earth systems since the 1950s that are “unprecedented” (IPCC, 2013a; Reid et al., 2016). This opening chapter provides an introduction to the major role of the ocean in global warming and the Earth’s energy budget as a background to the changes in sea temperature that are …
The typical definition of the genome is often dualistic, referen-cing both structural features and its function to store and transmitbiological information [4]. For example, the US National Institutesof Health (NIH) uses the following definition: “A genome is anorganism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Eachgenome contains all of the information needed to build and main-tai…
Plants are often considered of secondary importance to ani-mal or even insect species, even though they are equally threat-ened by rising temperatures and changing ecologies and function as cornerstones of any given ecology. Plants are vital resources for understanding current and future ecologies, and our parallel human culture and society. We hope to contribute to the revalu-ation of the sign…
The world’s oceans are already feeling the impacts of global warming. How may this affect the international management of marine living resources? In this book we examine the challenges that warming oceans pose to institutions for managing fish stocks that are shared by several states or straddle the high seas beyond national jurisdiction. Special atten…
In this all-encompassing pharmacy, poisons loomed large. Tis might seem surprising given that today Chinese herbal remedies are widely imag-ined to be natural, mild, and safe, especially in comparison with the synthetic drugs of modern biomedicine, which are ofen perceived as artifcial, exceed-ingly strong, and with therapeutic efects inseparable from dangerous side efects. Another familiar dic…
According to a long-standing philosophical tradition, we humans are ratio-nal animals. This means that we are endowed with certain cognitive powers, namely, intellect and reason, that enable us to engage in various cognitive operations, such as concept formation, judging, or reasoning. It is these opera-tions that shape the way in which we perceive and interact …
The volume you have before you is the first edited collection specifically devoted to philosophy of astrophysics. Our primary aims in producing this volume have been to gather contemporary research in philosophy of astrophysics together in one place as both a reference resource for scholars already working in this subdiscipline and as an introduc…
In April 1933, at a small gathering at a meeting of the US National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union (URSI), Bell Labs scientist Karl Guthe Jansky announced that he had detected 20.5 MHz (14.6 m) radio emis-sion from the Milky Way. Jansky used a novel directional antenna based on an invention by AT&T Bell Labs colleague, Edmond Bruce, that rotated every…
Approximately one-third of the Earth's land surface is desert, arid land with meager rainfall that supports only sparse vegetation and a limited population of people and animals. Deserts stark, sometimes mysterious worlds have been portrayed as fascinating environments of adventure and exploration from narratives such as that of Lawrence of Arabia to movies such as "Dune." These arid regions ar…
Succulent plants have a global distribution and are of Conduct has been widely publicised through national represented in nearly all habitat types. Over 30 botanical cactus and succulent societies and has provided a model families have succulent plant species, ranging from tiny for use by other specialist plant societies. The Code of annual plants to huge trees. The Cactaceae is the largest Con…
This ebook stands at an intersection of science and art. From its origins, NASA has studied our planet in novel ways, using ingenious tools to study physical processes at work—from beneath the crust to the edge of the atmosphere. We look at it in macrocosm and microcosm, from the flow of one mountain stream to the flow of jet streams. Most of all, we look at Earth as a system, examining the c…
We stand at a critical moment in Earth’s history, a time when humanity must choose its future. As the world becomes increasingly interdependent and fragile, the future at once holds great peril and great promise. To move forward we must recognize that in the midst of a magnificent diversity of cultures and life forms we are one human family and one Earth community with a common destiny. We mu…
Orchids are some of the best known and loved plants by amateurs and scientists alike, although sadly many species are being driven to extinction by either direct or indirect human activities. The preparation of a conservation Action Plan for the Orchidaceae, a family comprising some 20,000 species, therefore seemed a daunting task, but this compilation of views and experience from many experts …
Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment. The cells may be removed from the tissue directly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before cultivation, or they may be derived from a cell line or cell strain that has already been already established. Normal cells usually divide only a limited …
Kebutuhan energi menurut proyeksi International Energy Agency (IEA), hingga tahun 2030 permintaan energi dunia meningkat 45% dengan 80% kebutuhan dipasok dari bahan bakar fosil. Padahal energi fosil tidak dapat diperbarui, menimbulkan polusi dan cadangannya semakin menipis. Fotoelektrokimia peruraian air merupakan teknologi untuk menghasilkan hidrogen dari air yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan…
Sejarah tradisi minum jamu yang digunakan untuk menjaga kesehatan dan menyembuhkan beberapa penyakit merupakan salah satu modal dasar pengembangan obat tradisional di Indonesia. Dalam obat tradisional dikenal istilah senyawa aktif, yakni suatu bahan yang bertanggung jawab terhadap aktivitas atau manfaat dari produk obat tradisional. Di masa mendatang, prospek pengembangan obat tradisional di In…
This e-book contains grass identification.
This e-book contains about grasses, weeds, and wildflower, and seeding for erosion control.
Since the late 19th century, hydropower has developed as a clean, safe, reliable and inexpensive source of power and energy service. Hydropower generation corresponds to about 12% of the European net electricity generation and 36% of electricity from renewable resources in Europe (EUROSTAT, 2019). Hydropower is technically mature and is usually economically competitive under liberalized market …
The USDA Forest Service recognizes that the threat of invasive plant species to public and private forests is serious and thatsuccessful progress in prevention, control, research, and restoration from the negative impacts of such invasions is only possible using a concerted and organized effort. Thus, the Forest Service-Eastern Region (Region 9), the Northeastern Area (NA) State and Private For…
The Eastern Shore is one of only a few rest stops along the Atlantic coast for songbirds traveling thousands of miles to their winter homes in Central and South America. That’s quite a long trip for birds that can weigh as little as half an ounce! Native trees and shrubs provide the berries and insects that songbirds eat to fuel their long journeys. Native understory plants provide the greate…
Support for building adequate capacities in the health sector at a national level is particularly needed, given that the health sector both uses mercury and is responsible for diagnosing, treating and preventing the health effects of mercury. The sector’s role in prevention is well recognized, and includes identifying the health effects and sources of exposure to mercury; setting reference le…
This ebook contains space Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Planet Earth is an ocean planet. We can hardly ignore the fact that the ocean covers almost two thirds of our planet. Since the dawn of time, humankind has had an ambivalent relationship with the immensity and hostility of this very specific environment. However, the ocean holds a strong attraction for human societies, with nearly 40% of the world’s population living less than 100 km from the…
Water plays a crucial role in the life of plant. It is the most abundant constituents of most organisms. Water typically accounts for more than 70 percent by weight of non-woody plant parts. The water content of plants is in a continual state of flux. The constant flow of water through plants is a matter of considerable significance to their growth and survival. The uptake of water by cells gen…
The primary goals of the American Bison Specialist Group (ABSG), and the intent of this document, are to contribute to the development of comprehensive and viable strategies and management actions to promote conservation and ecological restoration of bison as wildlife where feasible throughout the original range of the species. Conservation and ecological restoration of bison, as wildlife, at t…
In its broadest sense, geology is the study of Earth — its interior and its exterior surface, the rocks and other materials that are around us, the processes that have resulted in the formation of those materials, the water that flows over the surface and lies underground, the changes that have taken place over the vastness of geological time, and the changes that we can anticipate will take …
This patent landscape report provides an overview of international patent activity for animal genetic resources, in particular those relating to food and agriculture. The empirical analysis of patent activity for animal genetic resources for food and agriculture has received remarkably little attention in the scientific literature. Indeed, in conducting the present research we found no example …
The origin and development of human civilization are closely related to rivers. Over 90 percent of the human settlements in Bulgaria are located in the vicinity of a river. This may be why the word “river” evokes positive emotions and associations of things pure, clean, and calm. At the same time, being so close to human activities, rivers are subject to various and quite often negative imp…