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E-book The Psychology of Sport, Performance and Ethics
Being the end result, performance is one of the most used variables in sport psychology research. Several examples include the relationship between performance and anxiety(e.g., Craft et al., 2003), motivation (e.g., Gershgoren et al., 2011), self-efficacy (e.g., Moritz et al., 2000), and emotions (e.g., Lazarus, 2000). In team sports, the relationship between team performance and cohesion as well as Shared Mental Models (SMM) has been established both conceptually (e.g., Carron et al., 1985; Eccles and Tenenbaum, 2004, Eccles and Tenenbaum, 2007) and empirically (e.g., Gershgoren et al., 2013; Filho et al., 2014). Nevertheless, despite its empirical and methodological importance, neither a chapter on performance measures nor on perceived performance were published in the books on measurement in sport and exercise psychology of both Duda (1998) and Tenenbaum et al. (2012). This may represent a deficiency in performance measures in the sport psychology literature in general and sport psychology research in particular. Exploring the sport domain, one can clearly identify that actual outcome measures such as win–loss percentage, points gained, and ranking are more commonly used than perceived ones. The common notion that “the league table doesn’t lie,” may be true in deterministic terms. However, “relative to expectations” terms can provide additional reliable and valuable data. A few anecdotal evidences are next presented to support the necessity of a valid and reliable perceived performance questionnaire in team sports being the purpose of this study.
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