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E-book A Short History of Transport in Japan : from Ancient Times to the Present
To tease out the evolution of institutions, organisations and transport requires a broad search of historical accounts written both in English and in Japanese. Published in English, there is scholarship rich in details of ancient and modern aspects of Japan, its politics and economy. Computer search engines and the website Academia allow access to data bases that contain relevant articles. Extensive use of Google translator was made to convert text in kanji and katakana into English. As with some historical writings, there are variants in dates in the original source material, so I have resolved these differences by resort to Japan: An IllustratedEncyclopedia (Kodansha, 1993), written by leading Japanologists. Material extracted from published secondary sources has been carefully checked from this encyclopedia.The methodology on which the manuscript is based also includes: extensive site inspections of all form of transport infrastructure; visits to museums and art galleries—especially the woodblock prints of Hiroshige and Hokusai that depict famous scenes on medieval roads; publications and reports in English and in Japanese; reference to old maps and artworks; and historical novels, such as The Tale of the Heike3Interpretations of data collected have been aided by my numerous Japanese academic colleagues, and by the engineering members of the Not for Profit Organisation (NPO), Strategic Life-cycle Infrastructure Management (SLIM), T?ky?, whose members arranged fieldwork excursions for me to the many transport projects that they helped build, or they studied when they were students in the 1950s and 1960s.In surveying the contemporary transport scene, when attempting to answer some of the questions posed earlier, government officials and consultants have been interviewed. Today, in Japan, there are three tiers of government—national, prefectural (and city) and local. The civic sector comprises an elected Parliament, government bureaucracies of which the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is the most relevant to the transport sector. The sector is a mixed one, with government-owned ports, canals and airports, prefectural highway departments, private railway companies, public and private bus services, private-sector logistics companies, and, of course, a population wedded to personal mobility with motor cars and bicycles. Examples of such fieldwork and interviews by the author include published studies on railways and transit-oriented development (Black et al., 2016), ?saka seaports and canals (Black, 2021) and emissions from the Hanshin Ports (Styhre et al., 2017), and unpublished investigations into roads and airports.
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