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E-book Comics and Agency
Approaches tomediating and mediated agencywere first developed in responseto Actor-Network-Theory (ANT), which has been booming since the 1990s (La-tour 2005; Blok et al. 2020), leading to subsequent drafts of an emerging“actormedia theory”(Schüttpelz 2013; Krieger and Belliger 2014; Spöhrer and Ochsner2017). Most existing approaches to mediating and mediated agency, despite allinternal differences, were undeniably characterized by a strong orientation to-wards perspectives developed by Bruno Latour (2005), Michel Callon (1986),Antoine Hennion (2015), Madelaine Akrich (1997), and John Law (2002). An“actor”is here understood as any entity that becomes recognizable as the cata-lyst or cause of interrelated, complex chains of action, transformation, or recon-figuration. Other important strands of research include critical posthumanismand neomaterialism inspired by Donna Haraway (1991) and Katherine Hayles(1999), which dissolve traditional subject/object boundaries altogether (Barad2003; Braidotti 2013), while“flat ontologies”are also prominent among propo-nents of object-oriented epistemology (Harman 2002; Bryant 2011; Bogost 2012).According to all these“new materialisms,”agency can not only be attributed to“natural”persons, but also to“things”as heterogeneous as materialities, devi-ces, inscriptions, institutions, or programs within complex configurations or assemblages. For Latour, all and any entities are to be treated indifferently in ontologicalterms, as mere“quasi-objects,”fleeting nodes of distributed agency (Belligerand Krieger 2017; Seier 2017). Hence, Latour addresses mediation wherever ac-tors are connected as“mediators”or“intermediaries”to transmit any“meaningor force”(2005, 39). In light of all these interconnections between actors, Er-hard Schüttpelz has coined the term“Operationsketten”[operational chains](2008, 234), which are linked throughmodulations of agency. Operationalchains of comics would thus include natural persons and their institutionalroles (such as writers, colorists, and letterers), apparatuses and materials (such asdrawing pens and reading apps), as well as texts and inscriptions (from specific Comics and Agency).
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