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E-book Trust in Robots
Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is a multidisciplinary research field that integrates disciplines such as engineering, psychology, sociology, philosophy, and more1. Collaboration between different disciplines is necessary to achieve goals (such as developing robotic systems for human-aware navigation), but can be com-plicated as each discipline has a different jargon, uses different methods, and knows different practices and paradigms. Design is frequently described one of the disciplines of relevance in HRI. Lupetti et al. define designerly HRI as “the body of work in HRI that has a strong orientation toward design (i.e., work devel-oping novel robotic artifacts and/or engaging with design methodologies)” [2021, p. 389]. They consider designerly HRI as a methodology or form of research, a “means for investigation” [Lupetti et al. 2021, p. 381] extending beyond individ-ual robot designs or designed features. As it is necessary to collaborate across disciplines, this chapter aims to further clarify the role of (interaction) design in HRI and how it contributes (both in terms of knowledge and prototypes) to HRI research and the development of robotic systems. This chapter is a position statement and literature review on the scope of the HRI design practice, activities that are part of design practice, the potential of design to contribute knowledge, and the normative orientation that design work implies. Whereas design of robot appearances and behaviors for interactions be-tween humans and robots has been a topic for several decades (see for instance the special issue on design for HRI [Holmquist and Forlizzi 2014] and work on social robot embodiment design and anthropomorphism [Blow et al. 2006; He-gel 2013; Deng et al. 2018]), and to an extent design methodology (for instance [Bartneck and Forlizzi 2004; Drury et al. 2004], and work on Value-Sensitive De-sign [Dignum et al. 2018; Van Wynsberghe 2016; Cheon and Su 2016]), recently there is an uptake of interest in reflecting on design methodology for HRI and how design research can contribute knowledge to the HRI community. This is exem-plified by a series of recent papers and workshops on topics such as designerly HRI [Lupetti et al. 2021, 2020], integration of User eXperience (UX) design in a human-robot interaction design workflow [Prati et al. 2021], use of metaphors to inspire HRI design [Alves-Oliveira et al. 2021], combination of UX design and ethics in the design of social robot behavior [Fronemann et al. 2021], Research through Design (RtD) [Luria et al. 2021], exploratory prototyping for HRI [Zam-firescu-Pereira et al. 2021], and Design-Centered HRI and Governance [Weng et al. 2021]. Questions relevant to these workshops and papers include what an HRI design epistemology could be, evaluation of knowledge resulting from HRI design practices [Lupetti et al. 2020, 2021], and reflection on which RtD methods are relevant for HRI [Luria et al. 2021]. The recent interest in design methodolo-gy, design practice for HRI, and the necessity to collaborate across disciplines in HRI make the topics of design practices and design knowledge both timely and relevant.
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