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E-book Open Science: the Very Idea

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Penilaian

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Science promised to society to contribute to the grand challenges of the United Nations, WHO, the EU agenda and national agendas for change and improvement of our life. It will be discussed how this social contract between science and society has developed since 1945. The first phase from 1945 till 1960 was characterized by autonomy, building on the successes of the natural sciences and engineering in World War II. In the second phase, the late 1960s till approximately 1980, govern-ment and the public lost trust and saw the downside of science and technology. The response from politics and the public was a call for societal and political responsible research inspired by broader socio-political developments in society. The third phase from 1980 till 2010 was built on the idea that science and technology would bring economic growth, which should make nations internationally competitive. There was also increasingly room for societal problems related to environment and sustainability, health and well-being. In this approach of the so-called knowledge economy, strong relations with government and the private sector were established characterized by short-term accountability, control from government and funders at the level of project output, using accordingly defined metrics and indicators. This model became firmly and globally institutionalized.Within science, since 2010 among scientists there is growing frustration, mostly implicit but increasingly explicit disillusion of scientists, regarding governance, agenda setting in relation to the outside world and significant impact of the research. Science fails, it is felt, its promise to society to contribute to the quality of life as the system has adapted to the culture of new public management. Production of robust and significant results is mainly secondary to output relevant for an internal credit system for academic career advancement at the individual level. At the higher orga-nizational level output and impact are focused on positions on international ranking lists which drive highly competitive social systems which results in a widely felt lack of alignment and shared value in the academic community. It will be argued that the dominant form of current academic science is based on ideas and concepts about science and research that date back to philosophy and sociology that was developed since the 1930s. It will be discussed how this philoso-phy and sociology of science has informed the ideas, myths and ideology about science held by the scientific community and still determines the popular view of science. It is even more amazing when we realize that these ideas are philosophi-cally and sociologically untenable and since the 1970s were declared obsolete by major scholars in these same disciplines. To demonstrate this, I delve deep to dis-cuss the distinct stages that scholars in philosophy, sociology and history of science since 1945 to 2000 have gone through to leave the analytical-positivistic philosophy behind. I will be focusing on developments of their thinking about major topics such as how scientific knowledge is produced, the scientific method, the status of scien-tific knowledge and the development of our ideas about ‘truth’ and the relation of our claims to reality. It will appear that the positivistic ideas about science produc-ing absolute truth, about ‘the unique scientific method’, its formal logical approach and its timeless foundation as a guarantee for our value-free, objective knowledge were not tenable. I took the trouble to go into this deep to show how thoroughly the myth has been demystified in philosophy and sociology of science. You think after these 50 pages I am kicking a dead horse? Not at all! This scientific demystification has unfortunately not reached active scientists. The popular image of science and research is still largely based on that Legend. This is not without consequence as will be shown in Chap. 3. These images of science have shaped and in fact distorted the organizational structures and the interaction between its institutes and disci-plines. It also affects the relationship of science with its stakeholders in society, its funders, the many publics private and public and policy makers in government. In short, it is about the growth of knowledge.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

501 MIE o

Penerbit

Netherlands : Springer Nature., 2022

Deskripsi Fisik

265 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9789402421156

Klasifikasi

501

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

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Subjek

Philosopy and Theory of Nature Sciences

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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