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E-book Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia : Flows across Boundaries
The world is rapidly urbanizing. With around 55 per cent of the world’s 7.63 billion people living in urban areas (United Nations, 2019) we are facing conditions of “planetary urbanism” (Friedmann, 2016) and “planetary urbanization” (Brenner & Schmid, 2012; Swyngedouw & Kaika, 2014). The global urban population is expected to grow by 2.5 billion between 2018 and 2050, with nearly 90 per cent of this increase concentrated in Asia and Africa. An estimated 68 per cent of the world’s population will reside in urban areas by 2050. Almost half of the urban population currently lives in urban settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants, rather than in the relatively few mega-cities of the world (United Nations, 2019).This trend is expected to continue: much future urban growth will probably take place in a large number of smaller cities with a population of one million or less in Asia and Africa (United Nations, 2015, 2019; see also Satterthwaite, 2006). In the prospects for 2018–2030 for these relatively less urbanized regions, the number of cities with 500,000 or more inhabitants is expected to grow by 57 per cent in Africa and by 23 per cent in Asia (United Nations, 2019, p. 11). The same report estimates that “all the expected world population growth during 2018-2050 will be in urban areas”: while the urban population is expected to rise from 4.2 billion to 6.7 billion, the total world population is projected to grow from 7.6 billion in 2018 to 9.8 billion in 2050. Three sources mainly account for this urban growth: natural increase, rural-urban migration, and the expansion of cities, leading to annexation and transforma-tion of rural areas into urban settlements (United Nations, 2019; see Leaf, 2016).In this book we specifically engage with this last-mentioned dimension of urban-ization: the ongoing expansion of cities into their rural surroundings, and the mul-tiple water security problems resulting from these processes. Our focus is on those spaces that are transformed by urban expansion, often called “peri-urban” (Friedmann, 2016; Leaf, 2011; United Nations, 2015). This term refers to “the com-ing together and intermixing of the urban and the rural, implying the potential for the emergence of wholly new forms of social, economic, and environmental interac-tion that are no longer accommodated by these received categories” (Leaf, 2011, p.528). As a fluid resource, water is symbolic of the wider socio-ecological flows of urbanization that deeply influence the peri-urban. Taking an “underall” view of changing peri-urban water security, the book explores the flows across boundariesthat are crucial for understanding the changing water uses, rights and controls, as well as in- and exclusions that determine water security in peri-urban spaces.
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