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E-book Fish to 2030 : Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture
The World Bank Group (WBG) Agriculture Action Plan 2013–151 summarizes critical challenges facing the global food and agriculture sector. Global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and the world food-producing sector must secure food and nutrition for the growing population through increased production and reduced waste. Production increase must occur in a context where resources necessary for food production, such as land and water, are even scarcer in a more crowded world, and thus the sector needs to be far more effi cient in utilizing productive resources. Further, in the face of global climate change, the world is required to change the ways to conduct economic activities. Fisheries and aquaculture must address many of these diffi cult challenges. Especially with rapidly expanding aquaculture production around the world, there is a large potential of further and rapid increases in fi sh supply—an important source of animal protein for human consumption. During the last three decades, capture fi sheries production increased from 69 million to 93 million tons; during the same time, world aquaculture production increased from 5 million to 63 million tons (FishStat). Globally, fish currently represents about 16.6 percent of animal protein supply and 6.5 percent of all protein for human consumption (FAO 2012). Fish is usually low in saturated fats, carbohydrates, and cholesterol and provides not only high-value protein but also a wide range of essential micronutrients, including various vitamins, minerals, and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (FAO 2012). Thus, even in small quantities, provision of fi sh can be eff ective in addressing food and nutritional security among the poor and vulnerable populations around the globe. In some parts of the world and for certain species, aquaculture has expanded at the expense of natural environment (for example, shrimp aquaculture and mangrove cover) or under technology with high input requirements from capture fi sheries (for example, fi shmeal). However,
some aquaculture can produce fi sh effi ciently with low or no direct input. For example, bivalve species such as oysters, mussels, clams, and scallops are grown without artifi cial feeding; they feed on materials that occur naturally in their culture environment in the sea and lagoons. Silver carp and bighead carp are grown with planktons proliferated through fertilization and the wastes and leftover feed materials for fed species in multispecies aquaculture systems (FAO 2012). While the proportion of non-fed species in global aquaculture has declined relative to higher trophic-level species of fi sh and crustaceans over the past decades, these fi sh still represent a third of all farmed food fish production, or 20 million tons (FAO 2012). Further, production effi ciency of fed species has improved. For example, the use of fish meal andfi sh oil per unit of farmed fi sh produced has declined substantially as refl ected in the steadily declining inclusion levels of average dietary fishmeal and fi sh oil within compound aquafeeds (Tacon and Metian 2008). Overall, a 62 percent increase in global aquaculture production was achieved when the global supply of fi shmeal declined by 12 percent during the 2000–08 period (FAO 2012). Many of the fishers and fish farmers in developing countries are smallholders. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 55 million people were engaged in capture fisheries and aquaculture in 2010, while small-scale fi sheries employ over 90 percent of the world’s capture fi shers (FAO 2012). To these small-scale producers fish are both sources of household income and nutrients, and sustainable production and improved effi ciency would contribute to improve their livelihoods and food security. Sustainably managing marine and coastal resources, including fi sh stock and habitat, would also help building and augmenting resilience of coastal communities in the face of climate change threats.
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