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E-book Advanced Land Warfare : Tactics and Operations
International politics has become ever more volatile in the last decade,increasing the risk of large-scale military violence. Yet the precise charac-ter of future wars will depend on a range of factors that relate to adversaries,allies, technology, geographical scope, and multiple domains of warfighting.Few would question that land forces will also be important in the foreseeablefuture. Recent wars in Ukraine, Syria, Mali, Yemen, and Nagorno-Karabakhhave shown that land forces remain a crucial feature of warfare. However, asthe battlefield transforms, so do the mission, purpose, and utilization of landforces. Indeed, the future conduct of land warfare is subject to serious andimportant questions in the face of large and complex challenges and securitythreats.Indeed, the last two decades have seen far-reaching changes in land forceemployment. In particular, the counterinsurgency missions in Iraq andAfghanistan implied a wholly different operational reality for armies, interms of adversaries, equipment availability, and tactics, compared to the typeof large-scale land war anticipated during the Cold War. In Europe follow-ing the 2014 annexation of Crimea, armies have begun to adapt to the taskof defending against a peer-adversary, and this change undoubtedly has far-reaching consequences, not only for the required size of land forces, but alsofor battle-planning methods. Although the reinvention of Cold War tacticalconcepts may seem obvious, these must be adapted to the current and futurerealities of, for example, technological complexity, a fragmented and poten-tially geographically dispersed battlefield, and increasingly lethal, precise,and long-distance weapons systems.Taking aim at the evolving role of land forces, this volume pays particu-lar attention to the changes that have taken place in the art of commanding and executing combat and the role of rapid technological innovation andinformation dissemination in shaping warfare. Whilst looking forward, thevolume also considers it pertinent to revisit established military theory andthinking (some of it neglected in recent years) with lessons learned fromcontemporary land warfare.When analysing the state of the field and current trends in land warfare,a number of central themes emerge that will undoubtedly be crucial in thethinking, concepts, and practice of land warfare in the years to come. The roleof manoeuvre warfare, command, and military theory are among these. Willmanoeuvre warfare maintain its status as the supreme method of land war-fare, or will it fade into the background in favour of other, emerging methodsof force employment? To what extent is classic and contemporary militarytheory pertinent for interpreting and describing the realities of current andexpected future combat? What method of command will be most suited tofuture Western tactics and operations? In particular, how is mission com-mand, a key component of manoeuvre warfare, likely to evolve in the future?What should twenty-first-century combat logistics look like?Emerging technologies are transforming warfare. The technological inno-vations expected to play increasingly important roles on future battlefieldsinclude artificial intelligence, sensors, unmanned air and ground systems,and cyber capabilities. These technologies are currently evolving at a rapidpace and will need to be integrated with evolving land forces’ tactical prac-tices, whilst they may also prompt the development of countermeasures bypeer adversaries. Further, the environment in which armies fight may see aconsiderable change in the future. In particular, urban environments havebeen predicted to play an enlarged role in future wars, not least due toadvances in target location and long-distance fire capabilities, which maydiminish the chances of survival of land forces in open terrain. Nevertheless,armies will need to prepare for a range of different operational environments.If armies, particularly in the European context, are presently undergoing adecisive re-transformation into territorial defence forces after decades of pri-marily solving expeditionary tasks overseas, deployment in expeditionaryoperations will remain a distinct possibility. There is also a need to extendmulti-domain capabilities and interoperability.
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