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E-book Rhyme and Rhyming in Verbal Art, Language, and Song
Ryme is found in verbal arts throughout the world. In the appendix tothis introduction, we offer a partial list of languages whose associated verbal arts sometimes have rhyme.Rhyme is most commonly found in texts which are poems, including sung poems (songs). Poems are dened as texts which are divided into lines, where lines are a sectioning imposed on the oral or written text which is distinct from the syntactic and prosodic structure (Fabb 2015). However, there are also examples of rhyme used in prose, for example in Latin and Greek (McKie 1997), and Arabic (Fabb 2015 citing Beeston 1983). It is common for rhyme to be found specically in metrical poems, these being poems whose lines are measured by counting out the elements which comprise them. But rap songs may have nonmetrical lines and nevertheless have rhyme. Where rhyme is found it can be systematic, in the sense that it is possible to predict that a rhyme will appear in a particular place, which is oen at the end of the line, but sometimes line-internal. Rhyme can also be non-systematic or emergent or ‘sporadic’ (Tartakovsky 2014; 2021). And there are intermediate cases where rhyme is both frequent and fairly predictable, but not entirely predictable. e distinction between systematic forms which arise across many texts and non-systematic forms which might arise in one text only is generally important in literature, and particularly in literary criticism which has a particular interest in non-systematic forms and their relation to meaning; it is the distinction which Klima and Bellugi (1976: 57) call ‘Conventional form’ vs. ‘Individual form’. Finally, if we count as ‘verbal art’ word-games and invented words, for example reduplicative words such as ‘hurly burly’ (Sherzer 2002; Minkova 2002) then we might nd rhyme as an everyday type of verbal art in the language outside poetry, and indeed in this extended sense rhyme may be found everywhere in the world.Are there languages in which the verbal arts entirely lack rhyme? e entry for Rhyme in e Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics thinks so: ‘it is a thundering fact that most of the world’s 4,000 languages lack or avoid rhyme in their poetries altogether’ (Brogan & Cushman 2012: 1182). We are less certain about this, and take the view that the most we can say is that for a specic language, we know of no description of its verbal art that it has rhyme. Sometimes an exhaustive analysis of a literature explicitly says that there is no rhyme, so for example Dell and Elmedlaoui (2008: 61) say that ‘rhyming is unknown in traditional Tashlhiyt Berber singing’. But it is always possible that for some language, rhyme might have existed in a now-lost oral form, or it might exist in an unnoticed children’s verbal art, or in a poetic form such as the sonnet imported into a language whose literature previously had no rhyme, or in contemporary verbal arts such as rap.
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