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E-book Entrepreneurial Theorizing : An Approach to Research
Entrepreneurship scholars have paid significant attention to the role of theory in their research. Indeed, publishing in most top entrepreneur-ship and management journals requires a paper to contribute to theory (Hambrick, 2007; Shepherd, 2010). Although some scholars question this dominant role of theory (Hambrick, 2007;Pfeffer, 2014), few disagree about the salience of theory building for furthering knowledge (Suddaby, 2014a). For instance, business scholars have called for new theories of entrepreneurship (Shepherd, 2015), management (Barkema et al., 2015), compassion (Rynes et al., 2012), and so on. Despite this deep recognition of the salience of theory building, actually devel-oping theory is a decidedly difficult task. Accordingly, scholars have become increasingly interested in the process of theorizing—namely, how to build theories. This emerging literature stream provides many tools and approaches to theorizing, including engaged scholarship (Van de Ven & Johnson, 2006), metaphor (Cornelissen, 2005), and finding the balance between novelty and continuity (Locke & Golden-Biddle, 1997). This work has made significant contributions by offering varying insights into specific parts of the theorizing process—namely, different methods to initiate the creation of a new theory, different approaches to forming new explanations of entrepreneurial phenomena, and different ideas of what a theoretical contribution entails, respectively. However, where does this current literature leave nascent entrepreneurship theorists? It appears to leave them with a wide range of potential “theorizing tools” without providing a coherent picture of how these many tools fit together. Namely, there is scant direction regarding when to use a specific theorizing tool vis-à-vis another (i.e., substitutes) and which combinations of tools (i.e., complements) can be harnessed in the theorizing process to further the entrepreneurship field. Therefore, although the different approaches in the literature address distinct and often isolated questions about how to build specific parts of theory, they fall short of explaining how and when to utilize the various tools to facilitate entrepreneurial theorizing. As such, in this chapter, we integrate the numerous threads of theory building in entrepreneurship and then extend this integration to a particular theorizing approach—pragmatic empirical theorizing. Through our literature review on theory building in entrepreneur-ship, we integrate the many individual components of theory building to gain a more holistic picture.1 This budding literature stream shows the increasing importance of narratives and storytelling in theorizing (Pollock & Bono, 2013), demonstrating that compelling theories are, in essence, compelling stories. A compelling story centers on the main character (or characters) who grapples with a formidable entity (narra-tive conflict)withina narrative setting. The story is woven together by a specific sequence of events and is made comprehendible by its plot.By the end of the story’s narrative arc, there is a resolution to the story’s problem and/or the problem faced by the main character(s). As such, we center our review of theory building on the five key elements character-izing every compelling story: conflict, character, setting, sequence, and plot/arc.
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