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E-book Principles of Mechanics : Fundamental University Physics
Physics is an exciting adventure that is concerned with unrav-eling the secrets of nature based on observations and measure-ments and also on intuition and imagination. Its beauty liesin having few fundamental principles being able to reach outto incorporate many phenomena from the atomic to the cos-mic scale. It is a science that depends heavily on mathematicsto prove and express theories and laws and is considered tobe the most fundamental of physical sciences. Astronomy,geology, and chemistry all involve applications of physics’principles and concepts. Physics doesn’t only provide theo-ries, but it also provides techniques that are used in everyarea of life. Modern physical techniques were the major con-tributors to the wealth of mankind’s knowledge in the pastcentury.A simple law in physics can be used to explain a wide rangeof complex phenomena that may appear to be not related.Whenstudyingacomplexphysicalsystem,asimplifiedmodelof the system is usually used, where the minor effects areneglected and the main features of the system are concen-trated upon. For example, when dealing with an object fallingnear the earth’s surface, air resistance can be neglected. Inaddition, the earth is usually assumed to be spherical andhomogeneous. However, in reality, the earth is an ellipsoidand is not homogeneous. The difference between the cal-culations of these different models can be assumed to beinsignificant.Physics can be divided into two branches namely: classicalphysics andmodernphysics. This bookfocuses onmechanics,which is a branch of classical physics. Other branches of clas-sical physics are: light and optics, sound, electromagnetism,and thermodynamics. Mechanics is the science of motion ofobjects and is the core of classical physics. On the other hand,modern branches of physics include theories that have beendeveloped during the past twentieth century. Two main the-ories are the theory of relativity and the theory of quantum. A physical quantity is a quantitative description of a physicalphenomenon.Foraprecisedescription,onehastomeasurethephysical quantity and represent this measurement by a num-ber. Such a measurement is made by comparing the quantitywith a standard; this standard is called a unit. For example,mass is a physical quantity that refers to the quantity of mat-ter contained in an object. The unit kilogram is one of theunits used to measure mass and is defined as the mass of aspecific platinum–iridium alloy cylinder, kept at the Interna-tional Bureau of Weights and Measures. Therefore, when wesay that a block’s mass is 300kg, we mean that it is 300 timesthe mass of the cylindrical platinum–iridium alloy. All unitschosen should obey certain properties such as being accurate,accessible, and should remain stable under varied environ-mental conditions or time.
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