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E-book Social Touch in Human–Robot Interaction : Symbiotic touch interaction between human and robot
Touch, which is an indispensable element of human–human interaction, conveys much more than affection, concern, or care; it is a medium for expressing a myriad of intentions and emotions. When analyzed from a bottom?up perspective, the relationship between low?threshold unmyelin?ated peripheral afferent fibers (also known as C?touch or CT fibers) and the characteristics of naturalistic affiliative interpersonal touch becomes critical [1]. On the other hand, viewing social touch from a top?down per?spective emphasizes that it is predicated on interaction within interper?sonal relationships, particularly reciprocal ones between humans [2].Beyond the realm of personal interactions, social touch plays an essen?tial role in wider developmental and emotional contexts. It is important in child development and the enhancement of parent–child relationships [3]. In terms of mental health, touch serves as a therapeutic tool that contributes to the emotional well?being of patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) [4]. Social touch remains an influential factor that shapes interper?sonal relationships and contributes to the overall psychological well?being of adults [5]. Even though social touch might not be literally required for survival, it obviously plays a critical role in scores of life aspects, from early development stages to maintaining well?being in adulthood.Researchers have investigated social touch in human–human interac?tion because touch behaviors serve as a channel for non?verbal commu?nication such as gaze and gestures and express wider social signals [2]. Moreover, cultural background significantly influences touch behaviors as social signals in interaction. Similar to language, different societies adhere to different social norms, even in touch interaction [6]. Therefore, under?standing such cultural differences is also essential in social touch studies in human–human interaction. With their physical bodies, robots can physically interact with humans just as we humans do with each other. In fact, human–robot touch inter?actions provide various benefits for human beings, such as the advantages of social touch among humans [7,8]. These studies showed a new aspect of social robots; many past human–robot interaction studies focus on con?versational interaction, although such a possibility enables using social robots as physically interactive partners for human beings.What defines a touch as social when human–robot interaction is involved? We believe that social touch involves recognizing a relationship with a robot, much like relationships with other people. Being hit by a ball is merely physical contact. However, if an entity that seems to pos?sess human?like features and intent touches you, it’s perceived as a social touch. This idea isn’t limited to positive relationships: even in adversarial situations, the same principle applies. Your pet robot is quite welcome to touch you; being touched by a disliked robot will undoubtedly intensify that negative feeling. A social touch with robots resembles an amplifier in relationships.
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