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E-book Marine Plastics: Innovative Solutions to Tackling Waste

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Penilaian

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The global production of plastics continues to increase year on year, with 460 million tonnes produced in 2019 (OECD 2022). This is likely to increase, with projections from a business-as-usual scenario predicting a threefold increase in the amount of plastics use, waste, and cumulative presence in aquatic environments (OECD 2022). The most recent comprehensive study estimates that in 2016, 19–23 million tonnes of plastics entered the aquatic environment (Borrelle et al. 2020). This is likely to at least double to 44 million tonnes per year by 2060 (OECD), but according to some projections may increase to 53 million tonnes per year by 2030 (Borrelle et al. 2020). Across the European Union, the proportion of collected plastics that are recycled is increasing each year as initiatives and legislation encourage the move to a more circular economy but approximately 23.4% of collected plastics in the EU still go to landfill (Plastics Europe 2021). However, due to both deliberate and unintentional mishandling and disposal of plastic waste, a significant proportion of that which is produced ends up in the environment. Due to waste mismanagement, plastics can be transported by wind or rain into river systems and subsequently be transported into the marine environment. In addition, plastic debris can enter the aquatic environment through direct dumping (intentional and accidental) and through wastewater treatment works, for instance in the form of microplastic fibres from textiles during domestic or industrial washing (Murphy et al. 2016). Marine plastics are impacting a broad range of animals across the globe, including birds (Provencher et al. 2015; O’Hanlon et al. 2017), turtles (Schuyler et al. 2013), fish (Thiel et al. 2018), crustaceans (Lavers et al. 2020), and marine mammals (Gall and Thompson 2015). Further, the impacts of plastic debris are not experienced by a species in isolation but in combination with other significant pressures including oil pollution, habitat change/distribution, persecution, pathogens, and climate change. Plastic debris can cause harm to marine organisms through ingestion and entangle-ment (Weldon 2020) and can introduce invasive, non-native species by acting as rafts (Derraik 2002). Ingested plastics can cause death if feeding and/or breathing is restricted, can cause physical damage, for example through lacerations to the oesophagus or digestive tract, or impact mobility, for example, by increasing the mass of the individual and therefore their energetic requirements for swimming and/ or flying. There is concern that ingested plastics may also transfer micropollutants, adsorbed from the environment to the detriment of an individual’s health. Addition-ally, plasticisers, which are commonly added to plastics, often to increase flexibility and plasticity, can leach into the environment due to their unstable nature. They can cause significant biological effects, including impacting reproduction (invertebrates, fish and amphibians), development (crustaceans and amphibians), and changes in gene expression (Oehlmann et al. 2009). Entanglement can impact marine organ-isms by entangling part of the body such as a leg, wing, head or flipper, or trap the entire individual. Fishing nets which are lost or discarded at sea can continue to capture individuals long after they enter the environment and are so-called ghost nets. Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), including nets, ope and other associated equipment, are particularly problematic and harmful to a range of biota (Wilcox et al. 2016). There is a significant lack of data concerning the amount of ALDFG which enters the marine environment, within local, regional, and global scales. Despite significant public awareness regarding plastic pollution, the impact of plastics on marine mammals is poorly understood, especially at the population level.

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Ketersediaan

Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

551.46 JAM m

Penerbit

Switzerland : Springer Nature., 2023

Deskripsi Fisik

283 hlm

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

9783031310584

Klasifikasi

551.46

Tipe Isi

text

Tipe Media

computer

Tipe Pembawa

online resource

Edisi

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Subjek

Hydrosphere, Oceanography

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

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Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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