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E-book Planning for Equitable Urban Agriculture in the United States
Urban agriculture initiatives have rekindled the imagination of city residents and advocates across the United States. At its core, urban agriculture (UA) is about growing food – and engaging in allied activities – in urban spaces. Community gardens, large-scale urban farms, rooftop gardens, hellstrip gardens, and edible landscaping in public spaces are but a few ways that agrarianism appears in urban landscapes in America. Urban growers grow food for themselves and their commu-nities. Urban agriculture enthusiasts also view the practice as a means to other ends besides food. Enthusiasts view urban agriculture sites as places for building com-munity cohesion, such as around community gardens. Others view it as a means of greening the city. Urban agriculture may also be about social transformation (Gottlieb and Joshi 2010). Some Black, brown, and indigenous people view grow-ing as an exercise in collective agency and self-determination. For immigrants and refugees with agrarian histories, cultivation may be about creating spaces of belong-ing and refuge in a new country.The increasingly popular practice of urban agriculture is not without complica-tions. Race and class inequalities are prevalent in urban agriculture, just as they are in the overall food system (Alkon and Agyeman 2011). Observers note that the arrival of urban agriculture projects in a city may also inadvertently trigger disloca-tion and dispossession of lower-income residents (McClintock 2013). UA is valued as an amenity in urban neighborhoods. Neighborhoods with UA sites attract higher-income homebuyers, pushing up real estate prices, and pricing out longer-term resi-dents.
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