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E-book Conceiving People : Genetic Knowledge and the Ethics of Sperm and Egg Donation
What does it mean to you when I say, “These are my parents”? What would you want to know in order to figure out whether they are, in fact, my parents? Whether they are my genetic progenitors? Whether the woman on the right gestated me? Whether they raised me?We all know that the relationships captured by these questions— the ge-netic relationship, the gestational relationship, and the social relationship— can come apart. Some children’s social parents are also their genetic parents, though they were gestated by someone to whom they bear no genetic rela-tion. Some children’s social parents are neither their genetic nor their gesta-tional parents. Some children are genetically related to, and gestated by, one of their social parents but not the other. And some children were gestated by one social parent, but are genetically related only to the other.This book is about the ethics of intentionally creating children for whom the social and the genetic relationship are separate, either altogether or in part. This is what happens when children are created via donorconception. In donor conception, someone “donates”1 their gametes— either sperm or eggs— to a person, or people, who want children but require genetic material from other people.Each year, tens of thousands of children are conceived with donated sperm or eggs.2 By some estimates, there are over 1 million donor- conceived people in the United States and many more the world over. Anonymous gamete donation— where the identity of the donor is never intended to be made available to the donor- conceived person— is prohibited in places like the UK and Sweden. In these countries, donor- conceived people may learn the iden-tity of their donor when they turn 18. In other countries, such as the United States and Canada, anonymous gamete donation is not only allowed, but also widely practiced.3 The children created from anonymously donated gametes may never know who one of their genetic parents is
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