Progamming languages are notations for describing computations to people and to machines. The world as we know it depends on progamming language. But, before a program can be run, it first must be translated into a form in which it can be executed by a computer. In this preliminary chapter, we introduce the different forms of language translators, give a high level overview of the structure of …
Charting the increase in the use of games for the dissemination of extremist propaganda, radicalization, recruitment, and mobilization, this book examines the "gamification of extremism." Editors Linda Schlegel and Rachel Kowert bring together a range of insights from world-leading experts in the field to provide the first comprehensive overview of gaming and extremism. The potential nexus betw…
This book demonstrates the need for and the value of interdisciplinary research in addressing important societal challenges associated with the widespread use of algorithmic decision-making. Algorithms are increasingly being used to make decisions in various domains such as criminal justice, medicine, and employment. While algorithmic tools have the potential to make decision-making more accura…
The ancient Greeks loved to hang around on the stoa, sip some wine, and debate. But at the end of the day, they wanted to sit back and decide who had won the argument. When Socrates claims that one statement follows from another, is it actually so? Shouldn't there be some set of rules to officially determine when an argument is correct? Thus began the formal study of logic. Many other areas of …
This split presents a bit of a dilemma for both programmers and book authors. While it would be easier for a book to pretend that Python 2 never existed and cover 3 only, this would not address the needs of the large Python user base that exists today. A vast amount of existing code was written for Python 2, and it won’t be going away any time soon. And while newcomers to the language can foc…
Spring Application Framework has been in action for quite a long time, and programmers have developed several conventions, usage patterns, and idioms during that time period. In this example, we will try to explain some of them and give examples to illustrate how to apply them in your projects. Most of the bean definitions in Spring ApplicationContext are singleton scope, and again they are mos…