Detecting single photons, the quanta of the electromagnetic eld, is of great signicance inscience and engineering. Aside from allowing to detect electromagnetic radiation with thehighest, quantum-limited sensitivity, it also enables numerous experiments in fundamentalphysics. Because of its universal quality, there is a wide range of applications for single-photondetectors in elds like optic…
Understanding the basic building blocks of matter has been one of the most intriguing endeavors of mankind. Our understanding of interatomic interactions has now reached a point where we can quite comfortably explain the macroscopic properties of matter, based on quantum mechanics and electrostatic interactions between electrons and ionic nuclei in the material. There are many properties of mat…
Ohm's Law states that, at constant temperature, the electric current flowing in a conducting material is directly proportional to the applied voltage, and inversely proportional to the Resistance. Ohm’s Law is the relationship between power, voltage, current and resistance. These are the very basic electrical units we work with. The principles apply to alternating current (ac), direct current…
Theflexibility provided by conventional generating units is very important sincethese units are the main resource for satisfying the net load. Theflexibility potential ofthe generating units depends by their present operational state and their technicalcharacteristics such as operational range, ramping rates, start-up time, shut-down time,and the minimum up and down times. There are several ind…