Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous, soil-borne, endophytic, obli-gate biotrophs that colonize the roots of 70–90% of terrestrial plants in various soil types and environmental conditions to establish mutually beneficial relationships (Branco et al. 2022; Shi et al. 2023). The evolutionary trajectory of AMF has been intrinsically tied t…
Biodeterioration in the context of cultural heritage refers to the degradationprocesses induced by microorganisms that occur in various substrates upon whichhistoric and artistic works of our cultural heritage were created. Paper, a biological,cellular material that has served for centuries as a carrier of human thought, and abase upon which artworks were rendered, is a particularly bio-suscept…