Over the span of 4.5 billion years, the Earth has formed colossal mountains, green valleys, leafy jungles, and vast forests, providing a home for countless plants and animals. On the 196,900,000 square miles of the planet’s surface, scientists estimate that there are 390,000 plants—with new species being discovered all the time. The hundreds of thousands of plants actually perform a number…
As a country rich in plant species, Indonesia is a natural place for essential oil industry to develop. There are around 40 kinds of oil produced by Indonesia, among them 12 are commercially developed at an industrial scale. They are: patchouli (nilam), vetiver (akarwangi), cananga (kenanga), cajuput (kayu putih), lemon grass (sereh dapur), clove (cengkeh), sandalwood (cendana), nutmeg (pala), …
Toxicology and Safety of Essential Oils: A Constituent-Based Approach” (Chapter 7). On account of the complexity of these natural products, the toxicological or biochemical testing of an EO will always be the sum of its constituents which either act in a synergistic or in an antagonistic way with one another. Therefore, the chemical characterization of the EO is very important for the underst…