Export activity has been traditionally analysed for countries. Its regional dimension was somewhat neglected or not noticed. The main premise of our research is that exports are strongly diversified regionally. The imperative to conduct such research stems from constatation that exports do not come from an undefined space, from a country treated as a s…
The World Trade Statistical Review 2023 presents recent trends in international trade at a time of geopolitical and macroeconomic strains and technological challenges affecting the global economy and supply chains. The data cover merchandise and services trade broken down by geographical origin, main product groups and sectors, along with related data on key economic developments such as GDP gr…
Beyond the six-digit level, the classification becomes national and countries are free to introduce national distinctions by adding more digits to make the HS classification of products even more specific. This greater level of specificity is referred to as the National Tariff Line (NTL) level and is used by countries to identify specific products to which a tariff is attributed. For example, C…
From as early as 2003 consideration was being given to the development of a transboundary nomination for the Silk Roads (Jing & van Oers 2004). A series of sub-regional workshops were then developed, in Almaty in November 2005, Turfan in August 2006, Samarkand in October 2006 (UNESCO 2006), Dushanbe in April 2007, Xi’an in June 2008, and Almaty in May 2009 (UNESCO 2009a), all of which culmina…
Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are powerful forces that will likely have large impacts on the size, direction, and composition of international trade flows. This book discusses how industrial robots, automation, and AI affect international growth, trade, productivity, employment, wages, and welfare. The book explains new approaches on how robots and artificial intelligence affect the w…
Those numbers, however, do not indicate that interviewees have an entirely negative perception of globalization. Indeed, evidence based on surveys that make a distinction between growth and employment impacts of globalization reveals that a majority of respondents in industrialized countries believes in the positive growth effects of globalization that are so often emphasized in the public deba…