There has been signifi cant progress in the reduction of poverty in the developing world over the past few decades. The prevalence of income poverty defi ned at US$1.25/day per capita declined from 43 to 22 % from 1990 to 2008 according to information presented in Ahmed et al. (Chap. 6 this volume). This progress is the result of various factors, including economic growth reac…
The term ‘bioeconomy’ is commonly met with a sense of uncertaintyregarding its meaning and purpose. In general, there are three differentfields of public and scientific debate about the bioeconomy. NicholasGeorgescu-Roegen (1971) referred to the bioeconomy as a transforma-tional pathway towards a degrowth society. In contrast, the debate about‘biocapitalism’ focuses on the commodificati…
This open access book provides a multi-perspective approach to the caravan trade in the Sahara during the 19th century. Based on travelogues from European travelers, recently found Arab sources, historical maps and results from several expeditions, the book gives an overview of the historical periods of the caravan trade as well as detailed information about the infrastructure which was necessa…
ASTRONOMI DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN RUANG ANGKASA ( Halaman 1-47) KOMPUTER DAN MATEMATIKA ( Halaman 48-201) Dalam bagian ini kita mempelajari cara membuat program komputer dan cara penggunaannya. Bidang penting tentang matematika: berhitung, aljabar, planimetri dan geometri ruang, trigonometri, geometri, analitik, dan kalkulus. Beberapa penerapan matematika dalam statistika, probabilitas, dan te…