The opening statement of the preface to this guide identifies its purpose as one of helping to create “better” and “more effective” jails. Because such terms can mean different things to different people, they should be defined. The findings of the original small jails research indicated that better, more effective jails are fundamentally those that satisfy the basic needs of their occu…
Marine mammals are found in several lineages among the more than 6000 species of mam-mals (all belonging to the class Mammalia). Not all marine mammals are closely related. Together they form a habitat-based group of animals associated with water. Mammals evolved on land some 250 million years ago. At least seven separate clades of mammals have…
This open access book explains how leading business organizations attempt to achieve the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) and other advanced information technologies. These technologies can produce tremendous insights and benefits. But they can also invade privacy, perpetuate bias, and otherwise injure people and society. To use these technologies successfully, organi…
In the United States, the choice of an herb or phytomedicine for therapeutic or preventive purposes is usually carried out by the patient. To state it differently, the herb is self-selected because physicians here are not ordinarily educated in the use of such medicinals. However, in many other countries, herbs and phytomedicinals are prescribed by doctors with considerable frequency. It cannot…
Wood modification represents an assortment of innovative processes currently being adopted in the wood protection sector. Though many aspects of these treatments are known, the fundamental influence of the process on product performance, the environment, and end of life scenarios remain relatively unknown. It is essential to integrate interactive assessment of process parameters, developed prod…
As Tokyo prepared to make history in August 2020 by becoming the first city in the world to host the International Paralym-pic Games on two occasions, countless organizers, athletes, promoters, vol-unteers, and politicians lent their enthusiastic support. Many expressed their expectations that the 2020 Paralympics would be an inspirational success, rais-ing awareness and ultimately leading…
This volume brings a sociologist of curriculum and history educators, from a range of contexts, into dialogue on questions of knowledge and knowing – questions about what school history should and could be, as an activity and mode of engaging with the world, and questions about what school history education should and could look like and be about. Like all tr…
Acoustic noise problems become more and more evident as increased numbers of large industrial equipment such as engines, blowers, fans, transformers, and compressors are in use. Acoustic noise need not be limited to air; underwater or hydroacoustic noise is a problem in certain marine settings and could also arise in laboratory instruments and ultrasonic medical scanning applications.