Commercial quality standards for agricultural produce are developed and approved by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe through its Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards. These international standards facilitate trade, encourage high-quality production, improve profitability and protect consumer interests. They are used by governments, producers, traders, importers and e…
Rice is cultivated in tropical Asia (South and Southeast Asia) over an area of about 88.7 million ha, with an annual total production of nearly 183.8 million tons of rough rice, an average productivity of 2.7 t/ha (Table 1). Only 14% of the rice area in tropical Asia supports 2 crops of rice per year under irrigation. The remaining riceland is entirely rainfed, with varying water regimes. In ar…
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings. They define relationships between individuals and power structures, especially the State. Human rights delimit State power and, at the same time, require States to take positive measures ensuring an environment that enables all people to enjoy their human rights. History in the past 250 years has been shaped by the struggle to create such an…
There are many factors to be considered in selecting a crop for production. A farmer’s previous experience producing a crop, or the availability of a contract for the purchase of a crop are certainly factors in the decision. However, there are two factors which always must be considered. However, from a practical standpoint the number of years and crops to include in a crop rotation will dep…
As a country rich in plant species, Indonesia is a natural place for essential oil industry to develop. There are around 40 kinds of oil produced by Indonesia, among them 12 are commercially developed at an industrial scale. They are: patchouli (nilam), vetiver (akarwangi), cananga (kenanga), cajuput (kayu putih), lemon grass (sereh dapur), clove (cengkeh), sandalwood (cendana), nutmeg (pala), …
Few building materials possess the environmental benefits of wood. It is not only our most widely used building material but also one with characteristics that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. As described in the many chapters of this handbook, efficient, durable, and useful wood products produced from trees can range from a minimally processed log at a log-home building site …
The number of foreign nationals staying in Japan remains at a high level of approximately 2. 82 million as of the end of June 2021. It is expected that the number of foreign residents will continue to increase in the future. In order to realize a society in which both Japanese and foreign nationals can live with a sense of security, it is important for Japanese nationals to understand foreign n…
Although the pandemic has had an impact on nearly everyone’s life, there have been particular concerns about the mental and physical health of the millions of young Europeans whose formative years have been marked by disruptions in their education and social activities. In several European countries such as Belgium, Estonia, France, Sweden and Norway, the share of young people reporting sympt…