This Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) summarises the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. It integrates the main findings of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) based on contributions from the three Working Groups, and the three Special Reports. The summary for Policymakers (SPM) is st…
The evidence for a human influence on climate is clear and for a warming world “unequivocal” with many changes in Earth systems since the 1950s that are “unprecedented” (IPCC, 2013a; Reid et al., 2016). This opening chapter provides an introduction to the major role of the ocean in global warming and the Earth’s energy budget as a background to the changes in sea temperature that are …
The typical definition of the genome is often dualistic, referen-cing both structural features and its function to store and transmitbiological information [4]. For example, the US National Institutesof Health (NIH) uses the following definition: “A genome is anorganism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Eachgenome contains all of the information needed to build and main-tai…
Plants are often considered of secondary importance to ani-mal or even insect species, even though they are equally threat-ened by rising temperatures and changing ecologies and function as cornerstones of any given ecology. Plants are vital resources for understanding current and future ecologies, and our parallel human culture and society. We hope to contribute to the revalu-ation of the sign…
The world’s oceans are already feeling the impacts of global warming. How may this affect the international management of marine living resources? In this book we examine the challenges that warming oceans pose to institutions for managing fish stocks that are shared by several states or straddle the high seas beyond national jurisdiction. Special atten…
In this all-encompassing pharmacy, poisons loomed large. Tis might seem surprising given that today Chinese herbal remedies are widely imag-ined to be natural, mild, and safe, especially in comparison with the synthetic drugs of modern biomedicine, which are ofen perceived as artifcial, exceed-ingly strong, and with therapeutic efects inseparable from dangerous side efects. Another familiar dic…
According to a long-standing philosophical tradition, we humans are ratio-nal animals. This means that we are endowed with certain cognitive powers, namely, intellect and reason, that enable us to engage in various cognitive operations, such as concept formation, judging, or reasoning. It is these opera-tions that shape the way in which we perceive and interact …
The volume you have before you is the first edited collection specifically devoted to philosophy of astrophysics. Our primary aims in producing this volume have been to gather contemporary research in philosophy of astrophysics together in one place as both a reference resource for scholars already working in this subdiscipline and as an introduc…
In April 1933, at a small gathering at a meeting of the US National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union (URSI), Bell Labs scientist Karl Guthe Jansky announced that he had detected 20.5 MHz (14.6 m) radio emis-sion from the Milky Way. Jansky used a novel directional antenna based on an invention by AT&T Bell Labs colleague, Edmond Bruce, that rotated every…
Approximately one-third of the Earth's land surface is desert, arid land with meager rainfall that supports only sparse vegetation and a limited population of people and animals. Deserts stark, sometimes mysterious worlds have been portrayed as fascinating environments of adventure and exploration from narratives such as that of Lawrence of Arabia to movies such as "Dune." These arid regions ar…
Succulent plants have a global distribution and are of Conduct has been widely publicised through national represented in nearly all habitat types. Over 30 botanical cactus and succulent societies and has provided a model families have succulent plant species, ranging from tiny for use by other specialist plant societies. The Code of annual plants to huge trees. The Cactaceae is the largest Con…
This ebook stands at an intersection of science and art. From its origins, NASA has studied our planet in novel ways, using ingenious tools to study physical processes at work—from beneath the crust to the edge of the atmosphere. We look at it in macrocosm and microcosm, from the flow of one mountain stream to the flow of jet streams. Most of all, we look at Earth as a system, examining the c…
We stand at a critical moment in Earth’s history, a time when humanity must choose its future. As the world becomes increasingly interdependent and fragile, the future at once holds great peril and great promise. To move forward we must recognize that in the midst of a magnificent diversity of cultures and life forms we are one human family and one Earth community with a common destiny. We mu…
Orchids are some of the best known and loved plants by amateurs and scientists alike, although sadly many species are being driven to extinction by either direct or indirect human activities. The preparation of a conservation Action Plan for the Orchidaceae, a family comprising some 20,000 species, therefore seemed a daunting task, but this compilation of views and experience from many experts …
Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment. The cells may be removed from the tissue directly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before cultivation, or they may be derived from a cell line or cell strain that has already been already established. Normal cells usually divide only a limited …
Kebutuhan energi menurut proyeksi International Energy Agency (IEA), hingga tahun 2030 permintaan energi dunia meningkat 45% dengan 80% kebutuhan dipasok dari bahan bakar fosil. Padahal energi fosil tidak dapat diperbarui, menimbulkan polusi dan cadangannya semakin menipis. Fotoelektrokimia peruraian air merupakan teknologi untuk menghasilkan hidrogen dari air yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan…
Sejarah tradisi minum jamu yang digunakan untuk menjaga kesehatan dan menyembuhkan beberapa penyakit merupakan salah satu modal dasar pengembangan obat tradisional di Indonesia. Dalam obat tradisional dikenal istilah senyawa aktif, yakni suatu bahan yang bertanggung jawab terhadap aktivitas atau manfaat dari produk obat tradisional. Di masa mendatang, prospek pengembangan obat tradisional di In…
This e-book contains grass identification.
This e-book contains about grasses, weeds, and wildflower, and seeding for erosion control.
Since the late 19th century, hydropower has developed as a clean, safe, reliable and inexpensive source of power and energy service. Hydropower generation corresponds to about 12% of the European net electricity generation and 36% of electricity from renewable resources in Europe (EUROSTAT, 2019). Hydropower is technically mature and is usually economically competitive under liberalized market …
The USDA Forest Service recognizes that the threat of invasive plant species to public and private forests is serious and thatsuccessful progress in prevention, control, research, and restoration from the negative impacts of such invasions is only possible using a concerted and organized effort. Thus, the Forest Service-Eastern Region (Region 9), the Northeastern Area (NA) State and Private For…
The Eastern Shore is one of only a few rest stops along the Atlantic coast for songbirds traveling thousands of miles to their winter homes in Central and South America. That’s quite a long trip for birds that can weigh as little as half an ounce! Native trees and shrubs provide the berries and insects that songbirds eat to fuel their long journeys. Native understory plants provide the greate…
Support for building adequate capacities in the health sector at a national level is particularly needed, given that the health sector both uses mercury and is responsible for diagnosing, treating and preventing the health effects of mercury. The sector’s role in prevention is well recognized, and includes identifying the health effects and sources of exposure to mercury; setting reference le…
This ebook contains space Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Planet Earth is an ocean planet. We can hardly ignore the fact that the ocean covers almost two thirds of our planet. Since the dawn of time, humankind has had an ambivalent relationship with the immensity and hostility of this very specific environment. However, the ocean holds a strong attraction for human societies, with nearly 40% of the world’s population living less than 100 km from the…
Water plays a crucial role in the life of plant. It is the most abundant constituents of most organisms. Water typically accounts for more than 70 percent by weight of non-woody plant parts. The water content of plants is in a continual state of flux. The constant flow of water through plants is a matter of considerable significance to their growth and survival. The uptake of water by cells gen…
The primary goals of the American Bison Specialist Group (ABSG), and the intent of this document, are to contribute to the development of comprehensive and viable strategies and management actions to promote conservation and ecological restoration of bison as wildlife where feasible throughout the original range of the species. Conservation and ecological restoration of bison, as wildlife, at t…
In its broadest sense, geology is the study of Earth — its interior and its exterior surface, the rocks and other materials that are around us, the processes that have resulted in the formation of those materials, the water that flows over the surface and lies underground, the changes that have taken place over the vastness of geological time, and the changes that we can anticipate will take …
This patent landscape report provides an overview of international patent activity for animal genetic resources, in particular those relating to food and agriculture. The empirical analysis of patent activity for animal genetic resources for food and agriculture has received remarkably little attention in the scientific literature. Indeed, in conducting the present research we found no example …
The origin and development of human civilization are closely related to rivers. Over 90 percent of the human settlements in Bulgaria are located in the vicinity of a river. This may be why the word “river” evokes positive emotions and associations of things pure, clean, and calm. At the same time, being so close to human activities, rivers are subject to various and quite often negative imp…
Journey through the architectural world of animals and explore the function of their constructions - whether for protection or attracting a mate, the results are diverse and extraordinary. Homes play a vital role in animals’ lives, revealing behaviour as well as contributing to their survival. Ingo Arndt has documented these structures in great detail both in the wild and in studio setups, wh…
The Regional State of the Coral Triangle (RSCT) provides benchmarks on the biophysical, governance, and socioeconomic attributes of the six Coral Triangle countries, also known as CT6—Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste—and the threats, vulnerabilities, and emerging issues in each country and in the CT6 as a collective unit. Using t…
This book is about animals, and more particularly about the most common man-ner in which most people relate to other animals: by eating them. The vast major-ity of people eat animals, but some do not do so. I used to eat animals almost every day until twenty-five years ago, when I stopped doing so, with the excep-tion of fish who had not been farmed, whom I carried on eating no…
Around the world edible wild mushrooms are regarded as a delicacy and can be found in and outside forests, either picked for home consumption or sold at local markets. They are used in various dishes and contain important vitamins, minerals and proteins and many species are believed to cure ailments. Wild mushrooms, however, can also bring illnesses and even death to people, who are unaware of …
"In the southern summer of 1972/73, the Glomar Challenger was the first vessel of the international Deep Sea Drilling Project to venture into the seas surrounding Antarctica, confronting severe weather and ever-present icebergs. A Memory of Ice presents the science and the excitement of that voyage in a manner readable for non-scientists. Woven into the modern story is the history of early expl…
Access to information about microorganisms is essential for Aexpanding our knowledge of their diversity, enabling us to make sustainable use of them, and achieving the benefits they provide to our society. This catalog was compiled by the FORKOMIKRO team and is an update from the previous 3 editions. The book contains more than 4500 entries of microorganisms from 5 collectors in Indonesia, i.e.…
Buku ini mengulas sejarah alam Gunungsewu berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari Pusat Penelitian Biologi (P2B-LIPI) yang telah 12 tahun melakukan kegiatan inventarisasi keanekaragaman hayati karst dan gua di Gunungsewu. Selain membahas aspek geologi, geomorfologi, hidrologi, dan speleologi, buku ini juga mengulas aspek hayati, baik yang ada di atas maupun di bawah permukaan. Kemudian tinjauan te…
The use of mineral based building material in the Himalayas has a long tradition, probably reach-ing back to the first settlements. Use of such material was, and partially still is, deeply anchored as an essential material cultural fingerprint and certainly a manifestation of cultural identity. Mineral building tradition influenced the evolution of certain structural features which were insepar…
Almost five decades ago, two photographs of planet Earth, taken by Apollo missions 8 and 17 respectively, marked both the end and the be-ginning of an era: Earthrise (by William Anders, 1968, Nasa-ID AS8-14-2383HR) and Blue Marble (by Harrison Schmitt, 1972, AS17-148-22727) seemed but an »afterthought«1 – at first sight a hardly noteworthy side product of the dramatic ›space ra…
Organic pig producers face the major challenge to produce pig meat of high quality and at a moderate price based on high animal health and welfare standards. To meet this challenge, farmers cannot rely on organic housing and production regulations solely, as these do not inevitably result in a good animal health and welfare status of the pigs.
There are a lot of aspects to keep in mind when running a zoo. These could never be published in one single document as each of these aspects is extremely varied and complex. In this manual, a selection of the most important basics of zoo practice is described. The manual gives Candidates for Membership an idea of what running a zoo or aquaria to EAZA standards involves. It is important to reme…
In Betty Smith’s description of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), also known as the “ghetto palm,” the tree is contrasted with the memory of a school poem that evoked the “forest primeval” with its “murmuring pines and hemlocks.” For Smith, writing in the early 1940s, the presence of this tree was a marker, or even harbinger, of neighbourhood decline. The tree of heaven se…
2019 titelte dAs journALScientific American: The Mycelium Revolution Is upon Us« (Eine Pilz-Revolu-tion steht uns bevor).1 Was war damit gemeint? 100Jahre nach der Geburt der Pilzbiotechnologie – die amerikanische Firma Pfizer begann 1919 zum ersten Mal mithilfe des Pilzes Aspergillus nigerZitronensäure zu produzieren, ein Produkt, welches heute über einen Mil-l…
We believe that science has something to offer every student. That’s why we have a suite of science qualifications for Key Stage 4 – to suit students of all abilities and all aspirations. The subject content and required practicals in this specification are also in our GCSE Biology, Chemistry and Physics. So you have the flexibility to co-teach and to move your students betweencourses. We…
In 2018, CO2 emissions from fossil-based energy sources have reached another historical record, of about 37.1 tonnes of CO2 a year, with an even worse prognosis for 2019. After a small stabi-lizing period between 2015 and 2016, CO2 in the air has just been increasing approximately 1% each year despite that the share of renewable energies has been increasing worldwide. These figures outline the …
The various multidimensional derivatives take on more complicated forms in non-Cartesian coordinates such as cylindrical or spherical. You can derive the Laplacian for these other coordinate systems by changing variables and rewriting the unit vectors starting from the above Cartesian expression. Throughout this book we will often encounter sets of linear equations. (They are called linear equa…
Polar bears are a charismatic Arctic species and the anticipated effects of climate change on their habitat have gained increasing international attention, making the species a high-profile conservation priority. Changes to the Arctic ecosystem will not only affect polar bears and their habitat, but also the livelihoods of Arctic communities. Hunting polar bears helps maintain cultural identit…
Global warming is ushering us into a new mosquito epoch. Ready or not, mos-quitoes are coming faster than before, both indigenous and non-, human-biting and not, disease-carrying and sometimes–disease-carrying. What are we to do with these buzzing creatures, and what has been done with them so far? Usually perceived as a pest or at least as a nuisance, their mere presence often prompts us to …
This book is being published in the midst of the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, an event that was beyond the imagination of most people at the time that the project started, but one that now grips the world and is one of the principal factors in how we presently organise our daily existence. It was suggested that we might add some information to the book about these changes and…
Every four years or so from 1972 until 2010,2 the Polar Bear Specialist Group (PBSG) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published comprehensive status reports, as proceedings of their official meetings, making them available in electronic format. After that, until 2018 – a full eight years after its last report – the PBSG disseminated information only on its websi…