The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. Specification for Tunnelling, Fourth edition is a standard industry document for tunnelling contracts and forms the basis of tunnelling specifications for projects throughout the world. It reflects current industry best practice and considers technological advancements over the last ten years. It also investigat…
Cities are growing worldwide due to an increasing population, and simultaneously,motorization intensifies. Challenges such as local environmental pollution, a lack ofspace, and saturation of existing infrastructure are thereby becoming more pressing.The urgency to act and the need for new forms of mobility sets the tone not only forpolitics, urban, and transport planning but also leads some com…
In 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that continued emission of greenhouse gases would have severe impacts on people and ecosystems. However, the implementation of climate policies is being delayed. Despite the growing number of policies to mitigate climate change, global emissions have been rising to ‘unprecedented levels’(IPCC, 2014). In reaction to this wo…
Wildfires, often called ‘bushfires’ in Australia, are an annual occurrence in Australia, especially in the southeast. Each year they burn thousands of square kilometres of bushland, blazing everything in their way. Some of the physical infrastructure erected or grown by people, such as fencelines, buildings and crops can be rebuilt and replanted, despite the deva…
The internal combustion engine was invented around 1790 by various scientists and engineers worldwide. Since then the engines have gone through many modifications and improvements. Today, different applications of engines form a significant technological importance in our everyday lives, leading to the evolution of our modern civilization. The invention of diesel and gasoline engines has defini…
According to the equations of the general theory of relativity, the universe is either ex-panding or contracting [17]. In order to circumvent the unthinkable, Einstein introduceda factor to keep the size constant. Some 20 years later, however, Hubble, who gave hisname to the telescope, discovered that the universe is actually expanding. He did thisby proving that the color spectrums of far star…
Engineering is where human knowledge meets real-world problems and solves them. It's the source of some of our greatest inventions, from the wheel to the jet engine. Marshall Brain, creator of the How Stuff Works series and a professor at the Engineering Entrepreneurs Programme at NCSU, provides a detailed look at 250 milestones in the discipline. He covers the various areas, including chemical…
The sphere packing bound by Shannon [18] provides a lower bound to the frameerror rate (FER) achievable by an(n,k,d)code but is not directly applicable tobinary codes. Gallager [4] presented his coding theorem for the average FER forthe ensemble of all random binary(n,k,d)codes. There are 2npossible binarycombinations for each codeword which in terms of then-dimensional signal spacehyp…
The Paris Agreement adopted in December 2015 sets out the trend toward decar-bonization, which calls for net zero GHG emissions by the latter half of this century.Along with this trend not a few countries have set ambitious emission reductiontargets to address it, and among them Japan officially set an 80% reduction target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 in the Plan for Global Warmin…
This book makes the case that literary studies can play a key role in un-derstanding public debates in present-day pluralist democracies1 – by his-toricizing and contextualizing them through readings of carefully selected literary texts. The debates I discuss include those on different conceptions of liberty (as they arose, say, during the COVID pandemic), on identity politics an…