During the 1930s, episodes of violent protest by the inhabitants of Britain’s Caribbean colonies brought the extremely poor living and working conditions that existed in these territories to domestic and international attention. Revelations of widespread unemployment, squalid housing and malnutrition threatened the moral authority of British rule …
e live in hugely paradoxical times. We will see greater change in the twenty-firstcentury than we have in any previous human century. Huge leaps in science andtechnology, accompanied by huge economic and social advances in many societiesaround the world, especially Asian societies, will mean that the texture and chem-istry of the twenty-first century will be massively different from the ninetee…
The youth of today are generally healthier, better educated, more urbanized, enjoy greater access to knowledge, and are more connected with the rest of the world than the preceding generations. A growing body of research attributes this marked improvement in the life situations of young people to socio-economic development and the ensuing prolonged transition to adulthood.1 Relative to their pa…
As detailed in Global Prison Trends, despite widely documented challenges in creating fair and effective criminal justice systems, there have been some positive steps taken towards the practical implementation of international human rights standards related to criminal justice, such as the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) and the United Nation…
This open access edited collection contributes a new dimension to the study of mental health and psychiatry in the twentieth century. It takes the present literature beyond the ‘asylum and after’ paradigm to explore the multitude of spaces that have been permeated by concerns about mental well-being and illness. The chapters in this volume consciously attempt to break down institutional wal…
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of International Finance and Banking is written and compiled for working professionals engaged in the fields of international finance, global trade, foreign investments, and banking. It may be used for day-to-day practice and for technical research. The Encyclopedic Dictionary is a practical reference of proven techniques, strategies, and approaches that are successf…
Standardized military and associated terminology forms the foundation of joint doctrine. It enables the joint force to organize, plan, train, and execute operations with a common language that is clearly articulated and universally understood. Since 1948, military terms have been codified in the DOD Dictionary. Although different in purpose, policy documents also require standardized terminolog…
his introduction is a mediated gesture, in medias res, designed to help you, dear reader, become better acquainted with the writings that comprise this book; how they originated, and what they are attempting to achieve. I cannot see your facial expres-sion while I am doing the introducing, so I do not have a sense of whether my gesture is capturing your attention. Perhaps it is boring…
Doing well with money isn’t necessarily about what you know. It’s about how you behave. And behavior is hard to teach, even to really smart people. How to manage money, invest it, and make business decisions are typically considered to involve a lot of mathematical calculations, where data and formulae tell us exactly what to do. But in the real world, people don’t make financial decision…
What role can the analysis of a single, or perhaps only just a few, case(s) play in a systematic social science? More particularly, what role can the study of a handful of comparative cases (based upon individuals or social groupings of one sort or another) play in discovering causal relationships between designated causes and effects with a view to furnishing explanations and perhaps even mode…
The focus of housing research is set by the apparent scaling of hous-ing problems: where problems congregate, so too does the research community. The collective gaze of that community has been on cities dur-ing recent decades. The urban processes that have caused inequalities – across housing, education, healthcare and other domains – are critically important and the …
High-quality work is central for a productive and thriving society. Ensuring a sufficient quality of work – as a policy issue – as opposed the government’s conventional responsibility of ensuring a sufficient quantity of work – reached its zenith in the UK in July 2017 when the government published a review to scope out a new national job quality strategy. The public…
Does the child’s breathing appear to be obstructed? Look at the chest wall movement, and listen to breath sounds to determine whether there is poor air movement during breathing. Stridor indicates obstruction. Is there central cyanosis? Determine whether there is bluish or purplish discoloration of the tongue and the inside of the mouth. Is the child breathing? Look and listen to determine wh…
Covid-19 has reinforced vulnerabilities worldwide. It has threatened people’s health and well-being, shattered health systems, exacerbated poverty and inequality, limited children’s access to education, and negatively impacted economies.1 Blindfolded by their lack of knowledge about this disease, governments’ efforts to contain Covid-19 once and for all have been limited at best. Between …
As population estimates for 2050 reach over 9 billion, issues of food security and nutrition have been dominating academic and policy debates. A total of 805 million people are undernourished worldwide and malnutrition affects nearly every country on the planet. Despite impressive productivity increases, there is growing evidence that conventional agricultural strategies fall short of eliminati…
Each year, fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) are consumed in ever-greater quantities, despite the danger of global warming, which makes such large-scale consump-tion unsustainable. The facts of consumption growth are at odds with ever more insistent claims that we are moving to a post-fossil-fuel era. Clearly, the causes of consumption growth are very strong. The purpose of this book is to put t…
Digitalisation has changed the way monetary systems work for many years already, but recently it hasstarted to change its structure more fundamentally. Developed economies rapidly reduce the importance of cash, and in some cases envisage becoming cashless entirely in the foreseeable future. At the same time digital currencies have appeared. The first wave of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, E…
Today in the world of 24-hour news, we cannot help but be aware of the brutality and human cost of war. It is difficult to imagine the festive atmosphere of parades and cheering as local regiments marched off to fight in the American Civil War, or even in the early days of World War I. Yet in spite of our lack of illusion about the reality of war, the idea of war still holds an enduring fascina…
This document provides guidance for designing ILO initiatives in countries affected by fragility and conflict. These include countries or regions subject to tensions or at risk of conflict or violent unrest, or where criminal violence threatens people’s security on a significant scale. It outlines how to use a peace and conflict analysis (PCA) to ensure that programmes and projects are confli…
The Maldives, a chain of 26 coral atolls to India’s southwest, is one of the smallest countries in Asia and the Pacific by population and land area. Its estimated 341,200 people are widely dispersed over 188 inhabited islands across an archipelago more than 800 kilometers long and 130 kilometers wide. The capital city, Malé, is home to one-third of the people, yet has a total land area of le…
The circular economy provides an answer to the great challenge of the 21st century, which is to utilise raw materials with much greater efficiency. In order to continue feeding humanity, provide it with the necessary goods and to guarantee people a decent existence, a fundamental change in how we use raw materials is necessary. We are talking about an economy that provides for people’s needs …
Most legal thinkers and practitioners view law as fundamentally terrestrial. Indeed, law—in its Eurocentric iteration at least—ultimately imagines itself as beginning and ending on terra firma. Land is perceived as a fully historicized, mapped, and regulated space that stands in stark opposition to the seemingly a-temporal, empty, and unruly sea.…
Violence and abuse against children are serious threats to children’s well-being, and the need for societies to take action is increasingly recognised, in both the Nordic region and internationally. Children exposed to violence and abuse are vulnerable and often in need of multiple services, creating the risk of potential “secondary victimi…
The CODES Action Plan for a Sustainable Planet in the Digital Age marks the 50th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set-up to promote global environmental sustainability. The goal of the Action Plan is to offer a vision and set of priorities to advance digital sustainability through a series …
The global Living Planet Index continues to decline. It shows anaverage 68% decrease in population sizes of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish between 1970 and 2016. A 94% decline in the LPI for the tropical subregions of the Americas is the largest fall observed in any part of the world. Why does this matter? It matters because biodiversity is fundamental to human life on Earth, and…
As a rule, the introduction is where the author explains to the reader what the book is about. Before I do that, however, I will take the liberty of a brief digression of a personal nature. Whenever I’m at some sort of gathering and find I am acquainted only with the host, my interactions with other guests go off “without a hitch”. I’m not a particularly shy person, so it’s rather eas…
Cities are home to the majority of the world’s population, drivers of both national and global economic activity, hubs of culture and innovation, and are the locations in which many of society’s greatest challenges, from climate change to social unrest, play out. Given this, it is not surprising that, in recent years, cities have captured the global imagination. A focus on cities …
The demand for secure, affordable and clean energy is a priority call to humanity. Challenges associated with conventional energy resources, such as depletion of fossil fuels, high costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions, have stimulated interests in renewable energy resources. For instance, there have been clear gaps and rushed thoughts about replacing fossil-fuel driven engines with ele…
A True Story of the Imperial German Government's Spies and Intrigues in America from facts furnished Each morning at 3 o'clock, American time, those messages flashed from the tremendous wireless tower at Nauen, Germany—to find spies waiting everywhere in America for them. On interned ships, in shacks, built far from the roar and bustle of the city, even in Fifth Avenue residences, were wirel…
Upaya-upaya untuk tercapainya perbaikan kesejahteraan hidup bagi setiap individu maupun masyarakat luas, dalam pengertian sehari-hari seringkali disebut sebagai upaya "pembangunan". Pendek kata, pembangunan merupakan segala upaya yang terus-menerus ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kehidupan masyarakat dan bangsa yang belum baik, atau untuk memperbaiki kehidupan yang sudah baik menjadi lebih baik lag…
Berisikan panduan untuk menjadi handal dalam dunia pasar modal.
The insurance industry safeguards the assets of its policyholders by transferring risk from an individual or business to an insurance company. Insurance companies act as financial intermediaries in that they invest the premiums they collect for providing this service. Insurance company size is usually measured by net premiums written, that is, premium revenues less amounts paid for reinsurance.…
The tendency towards concentration in the corporate sector has been given a huge boost as we approach the twenty-first century. There were more mega-mergers in 1998 than in any previous year - in banking, insurance, oil, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, automobiles and the media. This merger frenzy has amplified the power of a handful of companies over whole sectors of the global economy. The merger…
This topic measures the number of procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital requirement for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and formally operate in each economy’s largest business city. To make the data comparable across 190 economies, uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has start-up capital equivalent to 10 times the income pe…
Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 pasal 31 ayat (1) dan Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional menegaskan memberi jaminan sepenuhnya kepada penyandang disabilitas untuk memperoleh layanan pendidikan yang bermutu dan hal itu tidak dapat dilepaskan adanya istilah ‘pendidikan inklusif’. Negara semakin menegaskan melalui komitmen-komitmen global, dimana tidak ada seor…
Internationally, the tourism economic sector is dominated by small businesses that provide goods and services to a visiting tourist clientele. Community based tourism (CBT) is a form of tourism that seeks to empower communities to manage tourism growth and achieve community aspirations relating to their well-being, and includes economic, social and environmental sustainable development. Therefo…
Passed by Congress in 1966, the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) sets general standards for humane care and treatment that must be provided for certain animals that are bred for commercial sale, sold sight unseen (Internet sales), exhibited to the public, used in biomedical research, or transported commercially. Congress assigned the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) the responsibility for enforcin…
I recently saw a debate about whether the opening day of hunting season was more exciting than Christmas morning. If you’re anything like me — it’s not just the first day that is enthralling. It’s every stalk, every bugle, everytime my finger inches toward the trigger. The passion never quits, and I’m looking forward to a great 2022 season. As the director of the Wyoming Game and Fish…
Any business entity which wishes to maintain and strengthen its position in the market must adapt to changing market conditions and the requirements and needs of its customers. This applies to all sectors of the economy, including business entities in the cultural sector, such as cultural institutions. For over twenty years, we have been able to observe dynamic develop…
Energy poverty occurs when a household is unable to secure a level and quality of domestic energy services—space cooling and heating, cooking, appliances, information technology—sufficient for its social and material needs. This somewhat contested and broad definition lies at the tip of a vast scientific and policy iceberg, involving complex socio-technical relat…
The performance of more efficient technologies is often dependent on how they are used by householders, if at all. Moreover, short-term efficiency gains may be wiped out by increasing overall consumption in order to reach newly perceived levels of comfort, convenience and stand-ards. This increase in consumption manifests, for example, through social pressure to…
Welcome as we share the successes of the International Space Station (ISS) in this third edition of the International Space Station Benefits for Humanity. The ISS is a unique scientific platform that has enabled more than 3,600 researchers in 106 countries and areas to conduct more than 2,500 experiments in microgravity through February 2018—and the research continues. Since November 2, 2000,…
Pilihan atas sistem pemilu adalah salah satu keputusan kelembagaan paling penting bagi demokrasi di mana pun. Dalam hampir semua kasus pilihan atas sistem pemilu tertentu memiliki pengaruh mendalam bagi masa depan kehidupan politik di negara bersangkutan, dan sistem politik, begitu sudah dipilih, sering kali tetap sangat konstan seiring berbagai kepentingan politik mengukuhkan diri di seputar d…
This volume brings a sociologist of curriculum and history educators, from a range of contexts, into dialogue on questions of knowledge and knowing – questions about what school history should and could be, as an activity and mode of engaging with the world, and questions about what school history education should and could look like and be about. Like all tr…
The aspiration for social justice, through which every working man and woman can claim freely and on the basis of equality of opportunity their fair share of the wealth that they have helped to generate, is as great today as it was when the ILO was created in 1919. As the ILO celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2019, the importance of achieving social justice is ever more pressing, with the ris…
Pengertian perjanjian atau kontrak berbeda dengan perikatan. Perjanjian merupakan salah satu sumber perikatan. Sumber perikatan yang lain adalah undang-undang. Perbedaan antara perikatan yang bersumber dari perjanjian dan undang-undang terletak pada akibat hukum dari hubungan hukum tersebut. Akibat hukum perikatan yang lahir dari perjanjian dikehendaki oleh para pihak karena perjanjian dibuat a…
Subregional Mekong mulai mendapat perhatian dari dunia internasional. Hal ini terbukti dari terbentuknya banyak kerja sarna di Subregional ini. Munculnya beberapa kerja sama tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Subregional Mekong memiliki posisi strategis dengan potensi pengembangan yang cukup besar. Dari segi bidang kerja sama di Subregional ini, hampir semua skema yang ada mengarah pada pembangunan eko…