Why are there such significant and persistent differences in living standardsacross countries? This is one of the most important and challenging areas ofdevelopment thinking and policy. Much of the focus in the academic andpolicy literature on‘growth’has been on steady-state or long-run average rateof growth of output per capita or, equivalently, comparinglevelsof income.But the focus onone…
Thailand joined the ranks of the upper-middle-income countries in 2011, with sustained high growth and rapid poverty reduction. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew an average of 9.5% per year between 1987 and 1996 on the back of political stability, a business-friendly regulatory environment, a large domestic market, open access to foreign investment, and greater participation in regional value c…
A series of unforeseen events caused an abrupt halt to the Philippines’ strong growth momentum in early 2020. As a result, the Philippine economy contracted by 0.2 percent year-on-year in the first quarter of 2020, a sharp reversal from the 5.7 percent growth over the same period a year ago. The growth contraction – the first in over two decades – was driven by a series of unexpected even…
Spurred by public investment, its growth rate averaged more than 9 percent between 2000 and 2017. Gross domestic product per capita (measured in purchasing power parity or PPP has risen nine-fold since 1991, but remains low compared to other parts of the world (for example, emerging and developing Asian countries (figure 1)). Initially, per capita GDP growth barely exceeded population growth b…
The increasing complexities with today’s interlinked challenges related to resource insecurities, the emergence of novel infectious diseases, socio?economic decline and environmental degradation require systemic approaches that address trade?offs, enhance synergies, minimise resource depletion, and promote waste reduction while operating within the planetary boundaries (Kimani?M…
In August 2015, while we were writing this book, a group of sustainability activists were gathering in the grounds of a borrowed château on the outskirts of Paris. They were intent upon ‘eco-hacking’ the future. What this meant was turning the château into a temporary innovation camp, equipped with the tools for develop-ing a variety of technologies of practical and symbolic…
For the first time in the history of humankind, global goals exist that guide our future. The UN’s 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a detailed framework for public, private, and civil society actors globally to bring about sig-nificant and transformative change towards a world that works for 100 percent of humanity and the …
South-South Cooperation (SSC) is both an old concept and a new idea, an old analysis and a new policy directive. Although the notion has existed for decades, it has grown in importance and function, especially since the early 2000s. It has transformed global economic structures, forcing us to redefine traditionally understood words, most notably “region” and “development.” It h…
For some time, narratives and projects aimed at improving and diversifying economic activities in Timor-Leste have been the leitmotivs of a number of development programs. Framing such endeavours are several assumptions about Timor-Leste’s economy, namely, that it is unproductive, weak and unfair; that most of it is made up of subsistence agriculture benefitt…
This is the Open Access edition of Global Focus from the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD). Global Focus has become one of the most authoritative resources for in-depth analysis and updates on international management development. With features, topical reports, thought leadership and insight from leading experts from academia, business schools, companies and consultancies, …
“Argentina: Escaping crisis, sustaining growth, sharing prosperity” is an analysis on the medium-term agenda to ensure growth and shared prosperity in Argentina and comes at a time when the country is embarking on deepening structural reforms while dealing with recent sudden financial market pressures that emerged in April 2018. The current government came into office at the end of 2015 fac…
Global megatrends are re-shaping the world economic order. From urbanisation, tothe rise of the global middle classes, ageing population and technological trends,these changes all pose major implications for the built environment and demand forhousing in the short- and long-term. According to the latest projections by theUnited Nations, the world’s population is expected to grow by 2.9 billio…
overty and Wealth in East Africa is a conceptual history of poverty and wealth and of the poor and the wealthy over the past two millennia. It demonstrates the dynamism and diversity of people’s thinking about inequality in the region long before colonial conquest or incorporation into global trade networks. Sub-Saharan Africa’s economic woes and the poverty o…
The road’s potholes were a stark contrast to the destination of the coach-loadof young women driving over them: a brand new building housing one ofBangalore’s many internet-enabled service companies—this one providingaccountancy support services—newly built on the outskirts of the city. Thiscontrast is not something we saw only in India. In the overcrowded streets ofIndonesia’s capita…
Clayton M. Christensen, the author of such business classics as The Innovator’s Dilemma and the New York Times bestseller How Will You Measure Your Life, and co-authors Efosa Ojomo and Karen Dillon reveal why so many investments in economic development fail to generate sustainable prosperity, and offers a groundbreaking solution for true and lasting change. Global poverty is one of the wor…
China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know® is a concise introduction to the most astonishing economic growth story of the last three decades. In the 1980s China was an impoverished backwater, struggling to escape the political turmoil and economic mismanagement of the Mao era. Today it is the world's second biggest economy, the largest manufacturing and trading nation, the consumer of half …
The world was not doing enough for sustainable development, even before the pandemic. The existing gap in financing for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals has been estimated at around $2.5 trillion.1 Growth in developing and emerging economies was, however, steadily reducing the number of people in extreme poverty. The recession caused by COVID-19 has reversed that process, al…
Whether this new project, along with its new and ambitious agenda, will in fact be any dif er ent from its forerunners or whether it will also end up using mass house construction and sedentarization to demonstrate devel-opment will become clear only in years to come. Statistics from 2020 and beyond will likely show that there are no longer any poor people—those with income below th…
This volume addresses the issue of how a country, which was incorporated intothe world economy as a periphery, could create a path of economic developmentand industrialization as the ‘emerging state’ in Asia and Africa. We offer historicaland contemporary case studies of development paths, as well as the internationalbackground under which a transition to the emerging state was successfully…
ccording to the statistics provided by Confederation of Danish Industries, 4 bil-lion people around the globe live on less than US$ 2 per day. The low-income market constitutes the majority of the consumers in the countries from Sub-Sa-haran Africa and Asia, and covers parts of Latin America, Eastern Europe and the Caribbean region. Despite the fact that 2.86 billion or 83 % of the Asian …
dia stands tall as a space power!” tweeted Prime Minister Narendra Modi just weeks before securing a second, spectac-ular landslide win in India’s general election in Spring 2019 by an even bigger margin than many had expected. Minutes earlier, he had announced in a rare televised speech that India had just succeeded in shooting down one of its own sate…
London’s economy is both very specialised - in highly productive, export-oriented service sectors such as finance and insurance and advanced professional services – but also big enough to accommodate large numbers of jobs in most of the key employment sectors. Exports from the specialised sectors are a key driver of London’s trade surplus with the rest of the world. At the same time, Lond…
One key field is economics, broadly defined. Governments, businesses, policy organizations, central banks, financial services firms, and economic consulting firms around the world routinely forecast major economic variables, such as gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, consumption, investment, the price level, and interest rates. Governments use such forecasts to guide monetary and fisca…
The economy has grown rapidly, with real per capita income doubling in the 12 years to 2013. Human development has improved, marked by a significant decline in poverty and gains across a range of socioeconomic variables. The key sectors of the economy have gone from strength to strength, with Cambodia now the world’s 8th largest rice exporter and Asia’s 10th largest garment producer. The to…
This report lays out a broad Africa 2050 scenario in which Africa catches up (or converges) with the rest of the world to narrow the gap in terms of living standards and productivity. It describes a future for Africa of individual prosperity in cohesive societies, competitive economies, and strong regional-global interaction. Under such a scenario, by 2050 per capita incomes would grow six-fold…
Absolute costadvantagescanplacecompetitors ata cost disadvantage, even if the scale of operations is similar for both firms. Such cost advantages can arise from an advanced position along the learning curve, where average costs decline as cumulative output rises over time. This differs from economies of scale, which involves the relationship between average costs and the output level per period…
The city is in the midst of a significant physical, social and cultural transformation and the strong State economy has created unparalleled city based investment opportunities for private and government sectors with transport, infrastructure, hotel, office and residential developments underway. Perth is experiencing a step change not seen in more than 40 years, brought on in response to a grow…
This introductory textbook provides an essential interdisciplinary guide to waste management and circular economy. It helps students to understand the drivers of waste, the environmental, social, and economic impacts of waste generation, and best practices and technologies for waste management, recycling, energy recovery and disposal. With helpful, full-colour diagrams throughout, each chapter …
This open access book provides a multi-perspective approach to the caravan trade in the Sahara during the 19th century. Based on travelogues from European travelers, recently found Arab sources, historical maps and results from several expeditions, the book gives an overview of the historical periods of the caravan trade as well as detailed information about the infrastructure which was necessa…
The massive disruptions caused by climate change, the Covid-19 Pandemic, war, and ever-rising inequalities have presented the world with challenges across social and economic life, health and education, policy, politics, and community life. Compassion is a central Buddhist value and practice but is also essential to our survival. Defined as feeling genuine concern about the suffering of others …
This book closely analyses the rise and fall of Louis XIV's marine insurance institutions in Paris, which were central to the French monarchy's efforts to stimulate commerce, colonial enterprise and economic growth. These institutions were the projects of two leading ministers, Jean-Baptiste Colbert and his son, the Marquis de Seignelay. While both men recognised that marine insurance was cruci…
This book tries to address these questions. The research detailed in this volume (which took place pre-Covid-19) engages with the specificities of dif-ferent contexts around the world, while seeking general lessons that can be drawn about transformations to sustainability and the role of research within them. It thus documents a new approach (or approaches) that…
The Global Fund was designed to evolve to best meet the needs of a changing world context. More than 50 percent of the burden of each of the three diseases and the majority of the world’s poor now live in countries classified by the World Bank as middle income but still varying greatly in terms of quality, access, and capacity of health service provision. Simultaneously, concentrations of dis…
The project aims to exchange interdisciplinary knowledge in the fields of economics and geomatics. For the newly introduced courses, interdisciplinary learning materials have been developed by a team of lecturers from four different universities in three countries. In a first study block, students were taught methods from the two main research fields. Afterwards, the knowledge gained had to be …
NATO enters the eighth decade of its existence with both a longer record of success and a wider assortment of looming challenges than its founders could have foreseen when they signed the Washington Treaty in April 1949. In the thirty years since the collapse of the Soviet threat that called NATO into existence, the Western Alliance has defied innumerable predictions of its imminent demise. It …
The Swedish Government also views the 2030 Agenda as a dynamic framework that opens up new global opportunities for all societies and stakeholders, both nationally and internationally. It is an agenda for a common and long-term sustainable environmental, social and economic development, linked to fighting poverty and hunger and inequality within and between countries, in order to build peaceful…
Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are powerful forces that will likely have large impacts on the size, direction, and composition of international trade flows. This book discusses how industrial robots, automation, and AI affect international growth, trade, productivity, employment, wages, and welfare. The book explains new approaches on how robots and artificial intelligence affect the w…
Various international scholars and associates of the PASCAL (Place, Social Capital and Learning Regions) International Observatory (Africa hub), under the auspices of the Centre for Local Economic Development (CENLED) based at the University of Johannesburg (UJ), have contributed chapters in this scholarly book. The book aims to demonstrate how a combination of globalisation, pandemics and the …
Think tanks and research centres worldwide are devoting in-creasing attention to the growing role of global cities. Why do global cities matter? And why should a think tank dealing with international affairs such as ISPI look at the evolving role of global cities? The obvious answer is: because cities do matter. Urban settings cover barely 2% of the Earth’s surfac…
The use of mineral based building material in the Himalayas has a long tradition, probably reach-ing back to the first settlements. Use of such material was, and partially still is, deeply anchored as an essential material cultural fingerprint and certainly a manifestation of cultural identity. Mineral building tradition influenced the evolution of certain structural features which were insepar…
High-quality work is central for a productive and thriving society. Ensuring a sufficient quality of work – as a policy issue – as opposed the government’s conventional responsibility of ensuring a sufficient quantity of work – reached its zenith in the UK in July 2017 when the government published a review to scope out a new national job quality strategy. The public…
esurgent Asia analyses the phenomenal transformation of Asia, which would have been difficult to imagine, let alone predict, fifty years ago, when Gunnar Myrdal published Asian Drama. In doing so, it provides an analytical narrative of this remarkable story of economic development, situated in its wider context of historical, political, and social factors, and an economic analysis of the underl…
This year marks 50 years since the least developed countries (LDCs) category was established by a United Nations General Assembly resolution, following research, analysis and advocacy work by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). This pivotal landmark comes as intergovernmental negotiations are taking shape for a new programme of action for the LDCs for the decade 202…
Bangkok supports over 8 million people in the city, and over 14 million in its metropolitan area, who travel to and from work, access healthcare, and partake in entertainment and recreation. To ensure that our residents can experience an increased quality of life, we will work to improve social services and mobility for all residents. Ensuring our healthcare and facilities meet the evolving ne…
China’s economic performance over the past 30 years has been remarkable. It is a unique development success story, providing valuable lessons for other countries seeking to emulate this success—lessons about the importance of adapting to local initiative and interregional competition; integrating with the world; adjusting to new technologies; building world-class infrastructure; and investi…
The success story of economic growth in Southeast Asia over the past few decades is well known. It resulted from an outward-looking strategy of export-oriented growth, coupled with openness to foreign direct investment by more developed economies both within Asia and outside, generally market-friendly policies, and extensive investment in infrastructure. It led to deep economic integration of S…
The economics of everyday life in everyday terms, brought to life by a young and very talented economist.